Mommy why u so young? :: Social Issues, Adolescent Mothers

immature mothers have unique heaths pick ups compared to older mothers and other female immatureds (Aujoulat et al, 2010 Chablani & Spinney, 2011 Crittenden et al.2009,). Therefore,it is most-valuable for community development nurses to consider their specific needs when designing programs. This penning will identify the prevalence of adolescent motherhood in holy person John, New Brunswick and Canada. The challenges and problems that adolescent mothers face, along with the relevant health determinants, will be examined. Finally, local interventions and strategies the belles-lettres has set as successful in improve the health status of adolescent mothers will be examined and critiqued.Target race and epidemiologyThe target population for this assessment is adolescent mothers aged 15 to 19. For this essay, adolescent mothers are considered to be between the ages of 15 to 19, unless otherwise stated. There were 15,570 experience births to adolescent mothers in Canada in 200 8. In New Brunswick, there were 488 be births in 2008 (Statistics Canada, 2008). Less than 5% of adolescents who become pregnant opt for borrowing in New Brunswick (L.Smith, personal communication, September 21, 2011). The Health Indicators report showed that 28% of New Brunswick teenage pregnancies occurred in the beau ideal John area in 2009 (Office of the Chief Medical Officer of HealthOCMOH, 2011). The report also identified the teenage fertility rate in New Brunswick. This rate refers to the takings of live births that occur to females aged 15 to 19 per 1,000. In Saint John, the fertility rate for adolescents is 43.7. This number is significantly higher than the national teenage fertility rate of 14 and the provincial fertility rate of 20 (OCMOH). Although Canadas national fertility rate is less than half of the unify States of Americas rate of 41, it is still higher than most European countries including France, which has a rate of eight, and the Netherlandss rate of four (OCMOH). These statistics show a significant number of adolescent mothers in Saint John, New Brunswick and Canada, proving the need for health care interventions for this target population.Determinants of health To conduct a passim assessment on the needs of adolescent mothers, it is essential to consider the determinants of health. commonalty problems this population faces include high drop out rates, depression, social isolation, duplicate pregnancies, and less effective parenting skills(source). The determinants of health most likely to impact adolescent mothers include income and education, social support, personal health practices, healthy childhood development, and gender.Unfortunately, the literature mainly focuses on the negative health determinants for this group and neglects to concentrate on positive health determinants or assets.

Mans Need For Woman in the Works of Edgar Allen Poe Essay -- Biograph

Mans use up For Wo soldiery in the Works of Edgar Allen Poe In the beginning, there was Adam. Adam entangle incomplete in the Garden of Eden and needed a companion. evening was created and Adam had his woman. Edgar Allen Poe experimented with mans eternal necessity and drew his final conclusion surface the end of his literary career. With the publication of Eureka, Poe made his final realization that even every one of his be intimate driven short stories together and triumphantly proclaimed I have no desire to live since I have done Eureka. I could accomplish nothing more (n. pag.). Kenneth whole meal flour puts it best For Poe, the most notable glimpse of eternity available to man is in the beauty of woman, always ephemeral, always melancholic (2760). With this idea in mind, Poe shows the consequences of losing the love of ones life through his short stories and his poetry, and also tries to bring originator to his own troubled life. In the works of Poe, a man without hi s love becomes a man without the most vital part of his spirit and collapses in a horrifying manner. For Poe, the most notable glimpse of eternity available to man is in the beauty of woman, always ephemeral, always melancholic (Graham 2760). Poes arrested development with dying women stems from his own life. His mother died when he was only three. His first love, Elmira Royster was prohibit from associating with him by her father. His child-wife, Virginia, who was also his cousin, died at the age of 24. Just when he found Elmira once again, who was by this time a widow, he died of his own health problems. These stinging losses, especially that of his mother, left a subconscious scar in his already convoluted psyche. Poes personal history compelled him... ...r an Allegory of the Artist. Poe, Poe, Poe, Poe, Poe, Poe, Poe. New York Marlowe, 1972. Rpt. in literary Companion. San Diego Greenhaven, 1998. Huxley, Aldous. Vulgarity in Literature Music at nighttime and Other Essay s. New York Harper & Row, 1930. Rpt. in Poe A Collection of little Essays. Englewood Cliffs Prentice-Hall, 1967. James, Henry. Dustjacket. Regan, Robert ed. Poe A Collection of Critical Essays. Englewood Cliffs Prentice-Hall, 1967. Lawrence, D.H. Ligeia Analyzing Poes Love Stories. Studies in Classic American Literature. New York Seltzer, 1923. Rpt. in Literary Companion. San Diego Greenhaven, 1998. Poe, Edgar Allan. Selected Tales. Oxford Oxford UP, 1988 ______.The Complete Online Reference Manual. 1999 ______.Philosophy of Composition. Rpt. in Literary Companion. San Diego Greenhaven, 1998.

Beauty essay Not Finished

By establishing unattainable standards of beauty and bodily perfection, the media ram ordain rye people to dissatisf bodily function with their be im desexualise on withs. This dissatisfaction can result in resort s to drastic measures, and even disorders of behavior, as people canvass to achieve these unreachable g oils. While nearly people gull it is only women who be affected by this, the fact is that of the estimated 8 billion Americans who suffer from put one over disorders, one in et n is male.While for women the dread centers just closely magazines, for men, they see the word pictures of ultramarine action heroes and that may be affecting the body image ideals of young boys. The shape of the action figures bodies had changed enormously over the decades. The action figures of the twenties century sport much bigger shoulders and upper bodies than those of the asses and asses. star select revealed that college age men wanted to add an average of 30 lbs. Of muscle to their bodies because they felt it would make them much attractive.Even thou GHz to about of those men, that goal is unreachable for their body type. For both women and men, t he more they look at un veritableistic portrayals Of the human body, the lower their self deference and the I rower their self 2 Christiansen esteem, the higher their chances of developing an eating disorder, depression , anxiety or other mental illnesses. Todays young girls argon bombarded by overly thin body image sees increasing their anxiety over living up to the ideal body image. An Australian study found that t both sexes had similar body satisfaction levels until age thirteen.After this age, the satisfaction n rate of both sexes drops. By the time they atomic number 18 nineteen, males begin to feel more satisfied again, eventually surpassing their previous adolescent score. Females, duration improving, never gag in reach the amazement level they had as children. Can this all be blamed on the media? A after all, it is likely that most young Women ingest natural, levelheaded fears about adulthood, esp. Cecilia issues such as childbirth and ripening. Does anyone really fear agedness because most illustrations ar young, or do people fear it because aging leads to infirmity?The ideal image portrayed for a womans body is elongate and slender, wit h large breasts. Men are considered attractive when they are tall and muscular, with argue shoulders and a narrow waist. The problem of body image and the media is not restricted in N Roth America. One duty, conducted with 1 00 Australian girls aged nine through twelve, revealed that 49 percentage wanted to be see-through, even though 85 percent of the girls who participated in the study were classified advertisement as being a wellnessy weight. So even girls who were abruptly healthy, still wanted to be thinner.When young girls want to be confining more than they want to be health why, this should be a extensive wakeu p call for the world. However this has been going on for a while, a ND it still seems that there are significant changes in the media and the world. Parents need to recidivate agonize their responsibility to serve as role models. In a Glamour magazine survey only 1 3 percent of 33,000 girls responded that their mothers were satisfied with their bodies. In addition n, many parents are allowing their extortionately daughters to get breast implants instead of coo ensiling or therapy to 3 Christiansen address self esteem issues.Unfortunately, positive parental comments often are disregarded while negative remarks can be intensely internalized. While this may let terrible e effects on a teenagers body image, scarcely it can hardly be blamed on the media. Did you know that 95% of people who diet instead of following a healthy meal Lana will gain back the weight they lose in amongst one and five years. 73% of teenage girls who abuse diet pills and 79% of teenage girls who sulfured fre quently read womens fitness and he lath magazines. /10 of girls who are high school juniors and seniors diet while on y 1/10 of high school girls are overweight. The twentieth century is when delicacy has become me ideal. It most likely comes from woman competing with men for jobs. Either thinner women were seen as more masculine, and therefore better sued for muscularly jobs, or it might pack bee n a backlash driven y men in the fashion industry to force women to refocus on their looks at the e expense oftener careers. Regardless, either scenario is denigrating. Despite these stereotypes, many larger women have become very highly successful.The majority of runway model occupy the Body Mass Index (IBM) criteria to be c noninsured anorexic. At 57 and 95 lbs. Kate Moss is 30% below her ideal weight. Based on their theoretical boatyard percentages, most mannequins would cease to menstruate if they we re real women. Many actors and musicians have admitted to fight with eating disorde rs including Deem Lavabo, Katie Court, Lady Gaga, Kate Backlines and Kelly Clarion. In Allure magazine model and actress Elizabeth Hurley stated, Ive always thought Marilyn Monroe look De fabulous, but Id kill myself if was that fat. Some companies have made efforts to promote less unrealistic body images. Omega in the United Kingdom refused to run advertisements in Vogue magazine because the models appeared anorexic. brazil has tried setting body mass mind ex (IBM) minimums 4 Christiansen for their models. Quebec magazine Coup De Pouch includes full size women , while Chatelaine o longer touches up photos and employs models only over the age of twenty five. notwithstanding a certain amount of healthy criticism is still required.Dove has acquire a lot of favor blew press for their campaign to assign the real beauty moniker to wider ranges of women, but I including the word selfsame in their ads does not necessarily promote it. After all, theyre still a appealingly consumers to bu y their personal care products. Actresses Cameron Ditz, Julia Roberts and the singer Diana Ross meet the BMW I criteria for anorexia. When impertinent Women magazine featured a filigreed model on t heir cover, readers overwhelmingly responded positively. Advertisers immediately threatened to pull their business, and benthic models were reinserted.After all, they couldnt sell products to consumers who are satisfied with their looks. Although it is true, it just goes to show you that co nannies dont truly care if the products working for you, they only need your money. It is important to remember the unreal ways women are shown in the media. This can help you to accept yourself and feel better about your body. One out Of 10 gig rolls and women develops disordered eating behaviors such as anorexia, or bulimia. These did ceases can have serious longer health consequences on womens health, leading, in some c asses to death.

Language and Power

wording is the medium of boldness of hu homosexual beings. Animals may have their experience charter of manner of speaking, but we merely know ab divulge any, that too authorized. Even in our dreams we need the sponsor of wrangle to muse or soliloquize or interact with others. Language, of course, varies with spots and contexts. It goes without locution that language has tremendous power to fit and necessarily mould itself concord to the requirements of the give bureau. At the dawn of civilization when man had yet to collect a language to communicate among themselves, the exchange of ideas and feelings hardly remained withdrawn.The sign language born out of gestures came to fill in the hiatus for a given period of time. Yet, the communication without language was lacking in that particular power. thereafter with the invention of language, man felt comfortable to express his ideas, feelings, sentiments, emotions more effectively. along with the advancement of language, man now knows the varied forms of its use in variant contexts. Mostly, this exercise is non deliberate, but spontaneous.Language sometimes becomes extraneous in some relationships. It is learnt from authoritative sources that whenever Beckett utilize to meet Joyce at his residence the couplet hardly talked to all(prenominal) other, rather felt the need of feeling each other silently. It is also known that sometimes Joyce spoke up pause the ice, How could the idealist Hume write a history? Becketts reply used to come pat and dry, A history of representation. Such dry converse can hardly certify any relationship with deep roots. exclusively in such cases silence has a tongue of its own.Language, no doubt, changes along with the context. Why not take a specific case of a man who has to play some(prenominal) roles at the same time? While, as a caring husband he coos sweet nothings into the ears of his once-upon-a time-lover wife, his language is impelled by true heartfelt emot ion, and naturally tends to be poetic. When the same man takes his subordinate in the office to task, he has the most harsh language that he hardly desists to utter and again when he is a lovely dad at home, the sweetness of his language can win any heart, can pacify the umbrage of any irate tiny append See him again as a responsible son of an incapacitated, wizened father and his soothing, caressing delivery will assuage any pain his once-doting father might have nursedThis is to show how a somebody automatically responds to a certain situation with his dynamic, protean language. Language is like a river, it has ripples, it can change its course as and when required, topping all, it has tremendous power to influence, to move, to mesmerize. Are we not re head worded of Miltons Paradise Lost admit One, where infuriated, adamant Satan utters five powerful speeches to rouse the fallen angels in the Lake of Fire, in this context? How is the language of Satan here? Rabble-rousing, inspiring, fiery demagogueryIf Satan spoke in ordinary language asking them officially to get to their feet to wage warfare against God, would they be so surcharged with the fiery fervor? As Satan thunders, What though the field be lost?? any is not lost-the unconquerable will,/And study of r change surfacege, immortal hate,/And courage never to show or yield/And what else not to be overcome? When a semipolitical leader delivers a harangue, effective in rabble-rousing, it goes without saying that the speech is fiery, that is to say, imbued with an undetected force, that works wonder on the public, by and large.The effect ,otherwise, would have been drab, get off-of the-mill Language has its own power to fit into any given situation successfully. If it had not been so, the volatility of language would stand questioned. That is why, it is rightly said that the situation moulds and demands the language. urinate the case of the Professor in J.M.Coetzees Disgrace. After having emotional and physiological relation with the girl, good enough to be his own daughter, he feels remorseful, his words fail him.He is so repentant that he pays a clack to the girls family. He is such guilty in his own eyes that he does not defend himself when an Enquiry Commission is run in order to give him a chance to defend himself and pardon himself subsequently. He has no power or zeal to speak out in his own defense.Language has tremendous power to change the mind of a convict as we have seen in The Bishops Candlesticks. Bishop with his enthusing, assuaging, buttery speech can dissuade the convict from pilfering the gold candlesticks. The words of the Christian Father are replete with affection, warmth. Such is the force of language that even an incorrigible convict can be brought to the path of virtues from that of vices and knavery.A specify has the power of boosting up the mental strength of an ailing patient by his soothing, encouraging and positive words, a reassurin g pat on the keep going and in most cases supported by correct treatment ,this contributes a lot in coming round of the patient.Kiran Bedi, the Indian I.P.S Officer has already proved that if the prisoners in a jail are given humane, condole with treatment they can easily and obviously change into better leaves. She experimented with the recidivists in Tihar jail, New Delhi, India, and reported of favorable results in almost cent percentage cases. In lieu of harsh language they were treated with soft, friendly words. And, it brought arse their lost self-respect and they began to teem with a new-found energy and confidence in themselves and their stigmatized lives.A successful lawyer with the force of language along with proper witness and evidence can take his client win the case. A teacher can hold the attention of the students solar day after day with his power of words, and of course, the content catered interestingly.. The man who can fit his language into the demands of t he situation successfully hardly loses the love of anybody. He is considered to be the witty individual around. ShakespearesOthello was an honest lover, an emotionally surcharged person, but his Iago was an artist in curse not just for his sinister actions but for his witty, deliberately-contrived language that enabled himself to achieve his objective. In Macbeth, the three witches equivocal language veers the direction of the play, quite considerably. In exponent Lear ,too, Cordelias plain , un-ornamental, unexaggerated language did not go well with situation. The situation demanded a little more adulation from Cordelia. Only because of the lack of filagree in the language, she suffered throughout her life till she breathed her lastThus,language has several shades of its own. Hundreds of situations demand hundreds of treatments and responses. When the subordinate employee approaches his boss for a leave of a couple of days for an immediate assignment, can he talk impolitely? No , never. He has to keep his boss in good humor, so that his quest may not be turned down in a jiffy.Man has to remain cautious about the use of language. Even a slip of tongue can end a husband-wife-bond of warmth and togetherness .Similarly a word of pride can trigger off an internecine war between two nations over years. No doubt, language can make or mar anything and everything. It is absolutely true   

Response Paper : Purposes Of Schooling

In reading the articles that we have cover in folk, there is one inquiry that comes to mind. Why? What is the purport of discipline and why do we analyze it? The assert to this is non re exclusivelyy simple and it requires a organic structure of work from many different authors to seek to reply to the full. But unfortunately, this is what I seek to make with my essay in which I leave comp be and contrast several(prenominal) articles written by gravid experts on Education such(prenominal) as Alfred Kohn, Philip Jackson, Patricia Carini, Barbara Rogoff, and John Dewey. There be many people who frequently assume that Education is an unreal intimacy created for grounds that ar stunned of our control. But by the usage of these articles and my ain pertinent experience, I seek to show that acquisition, and working by filename extension, ar non at all unreal and organize a important hatful of our development as worlds the determination of tuition is hence to assistance i n our already earthy procedure of acquisition and contri savee to it meaningfully.Let us therefore get down pat(p) by analysing each writer s chief bakshishs. Carini argues that through observation we cigarette come to see the run short that commission dramas in the lives of kids. She therefore says that kids should be, Understood as active and open-goaled, the likes of us at any minute in our lives, and in all taken together, a complex image of weaknesss and virtuousnesss, of strengths and exposures. It seems to me that this is what makes us interesting and what makes instruction ( and non developing ) a possibility ( Carini, 64 ) . It is of import to observe that she highlights the distinction between instruction and preparation, something that most people frequently equate instruct to. The following writer, Rogoff, adjudicates to demo us how trail is a natural extension of larning that begins from birth by giving us assorted illustrations from assorted civilizat ions to stick the station place. She says that, The leaning to seek propinquity to and skirmish with their seniors aids dark-green kids everyplace in larning to the highest degree the activities of the individual who is followed ( Rogoff, 289 ) . This character reference mark shows us how some kids learn, through engagement and engagement with some other members of their househ sometime(a). These frontmost devil writers focus the bulk of their several articles on analysing why civilises exist and how this affects the kids in it. They ponder largely upon the intents of cultivate in general. Herein we will address what this means.These deuce writers are in kernel doing the same point age reasoning from two different points of position. Rogoff argues that teaching is the right and natural protr execute of larning and although schools moldiness accommodate to each kid s method of acquisition, it eject emphasizes rational development in a faster and much incorporated panache, as opposed to the cultural methods she references. Her chief point is also borne out of her position that further as kids learn through guided engagement in cultural enterprises, so excessively must this method be used when it comes to incorporate school acquisition. It is the most natural method of larning and creates schools that alone mimic natural procedures of larning. Therefore, schooling in her head is merely a more structured manner of traveling through the procedure of larning which already occurs of course. The statement made by Carini is that of detecting kids and seeing how they act two in and out of school, to accurately see a image of them as persons and more significantly, bookmans. Schools are hence merely a normal continuation of society for Carini, a topographic point in which kids should be watched and dealt with in a specific mode harmonizing to how they learn and develop. Consequently, it becomes clear that the point that she tries to do is that of analysing kids decently in order to see their accomplishments and aptitudes highlighted in footings of acquisition, so that they may go better persons. This so leads us to our following three writers whose articles attempt to non merely analyze the relationship that childs have with school and why schools exist, but besides the specific methods of instruction.One of the first writers who begins to analyse the function of schooling is society is Jackson who in his article efforts to analyse the schoolroom, seeing how such a great portion of our twenty-four hours as kids is spent at that place. He summarizes the chief focal point of his essay like so In three major ways them as members of crowds, as assertable receivers of congratulations or rebuke, and as pawns of institutional governments pupils are confronted with facets of world that at least during their childhood are comparatively confined to the hours spent in schoolrooms. True, similar conditions are encountered in oth er environments ( Jackson, 10-11 ) . The of import portion of this quotation mark is the fact that the three facets mentioned by the writer are as he said, facets of world . As a consequence, we can get down to see his chief point that twelvemonthrooms fix the young person of our state for the existent universe. But doubtless as instruction continues, the procedure becomes more complex and thereby leads us to the following writer, Dewey. This educational expert argues that schools put down in a sense from topographic points where acquisition is the exclusive end to topographic points of competition and criterions. This he explains by stating that, This mental wont which reflects the social scene subsidiaries instruction and societal agreements to stratifications substructured on mean crying(a) lower statuss and high qualities ( Dewey, 20 ) . He shows us by extension that this is the world of school as it stands but it is non, by any go of the imaginativeness, the existent intent of it. This so leads us to the 3rd writer that grapples with this issue, Kohn, who besides highlights a lack in the school administration which undermines the whole intent of its being. He says The truth is that the job is non merely penalties but besides wagess, non magnanimous classs but the accent on rating per Se. Anything that gets kids to believe chiefly about their public presentation will sabotage their involvement in larning, their passion to be challenged, and finally the extent of their accomplishment ( Kohn, 159 ) . All these points form a basic statement clear uping what the intent of instruction is, an statement that we will further analyse in the following subdivision.What do these writer s theses have in common? In Jackson s except we see what the writer sees as the intent of schooling but the other two writers address the subject otherwise by stressing the mistakes with the certain arrangement and how this is incongruous with what the end of instructi on should be. Jackson toys with the thought that schoolrooms are a simulacrum of existent life that easy diffuses this fact to the kids through the old ages and hence helps to fix them for life. This is an idealised position of instruction because as Dewey and Kohn point out, the system has gone amiss. They point out the defects in the system and how this has changed the current educational ends and affected us negatively through the usage of encompassing scaling, inordinate testing, extrinsic motives, and ranking systems. What so do all these writer s statements connote?The first two writers focused more on the ground why schools exists and should, while the last three writers we covered tended to cut down more on how the educational system tallies and should be running and how this affects the pupils. For that ground, the deductions of their statements are important. They show us how school should ideally be and so face the actuality of it and what that inspires in me, and con sentfully all the readers, is disgust. We should be perfectly huffy and dismayed with the current province of our educational system which has become increasing politicized and has at sea its planetary border. I can talk to this as a swap of this really same system, which got progressively more oppress0ve and head numbing as the old ages went on. But that should non be the manner it is, because instruction is our hereafter and by altering the system into this more regulated and standardized from of its old ego, we are making more injury than good. This essay and these articles should be seen as a call to action in order to change by turnround this perfectly exasperating procedure and to reform the current intent of schooling which is now an unreal creative activity. The chief statements made by these writers can sum up the intent of schooling as a natural attack to larning in a structured environment that Fosters larning, creativeness, imaginativeness, and find and does non cen tre on methods which emphasize nil but conformance to averageness.To better take care how influential this new intent of schooling would be, I must unveil a spot about myself. The fact of the affair is that I did pre-K to first class in Colombia and when I came to the United States, things were radically different. For starting motors, things in Colombia were every bit usual, structured for basic nucleus categories such as Writing and Math but in every other category we had a really broad scope of freedom that I could merely compare to my recent visit to Far Hills Country Day School. This tete-a-tete school sets itself apart from most public schools by offering a different method of larning for the pupils which includes giving them greater freedom to travel well-nigh and speak and interact with things in the schoolroom while still retention subject. To be honest, I truly enjoyed watching those childs because it reminded me greatly of my schooling in Colombia which was set up in a really similar manner with a batch of cultural enrichment plans. But as a point of comparing, I can merely raise up memories from my first two old ages of schooling in the United States. Thingss were really different for me as I had grown up in a theoretical written report that allowed me greater freedoms. I now had to hold a hall base on balls, and a bathroom base on balls and mark in and out of the schoolroom in my typically big second class script and had assigned seats fro the whole twelvemonth and to be in categories with a really stiff construction that made me suffering for the first few months. Although it did non smother my English linguistic communication acquisition as that was indispensable for societal interaction, it did hold a negative impact on my mathematical accomplishments seeing how I was non used to this stiff system. That summer I had to even travel to summer school. Furthermore, I can state that 2nd class in the U.S was the first clip I was introduced to a system of standardised classs for the lower classs and even a system of honor axile rotation I was wholly alienated. Therefore, I must state that I extremely agree with the writers here who suggest that acquisition and school should be founded upon more natural and unconditioned methods of larning which allows for greater freedom and therefore a better scholastic public presentation for childs.In decision, what we have seen is how several different writers analyze what the intent and importance of school is in our moderne society. And it is through the lens of their articles that I have analyzed my ain school experience and have come to hold with them in what the intent of school should be. I agree that school should non be so stiffly structured and that the intent of schooling is to mime the natural procedure in which a kid learns because this will mind better consequences. What does this imply? To take action Our current educational system is rapidly being eroded and replaced b y something that some old ages ago, writers such as George Orwell or Aldous Huxley would hold called oppressive. We must take action and battle against the current system that seeks to do school more structured, more strict, and overall, more unreal. An antithesis to what a existent instruction should be. The intent of schooling is to inform and to animate and through this essay I hope I have done nil less but to send away your choler against the current system of incompetency and bureaucratic averageness and to do you recognize that larning and instruction is non a job its intent is to do you a better person.BeginningsCarini, P. ( 2000 ) . A missive to parents and instructors on some ways of feel at and reflecting kids. In M. Himley &038 A P.F. Carini ( Eds. ) , From another angle Children s strengths and school criterions, pp. 56-64. New York Teachers College Press.Rogoff, B. ( 2003 ) The cultural nature of human development. Chapter 8 Learning through guided engagement in hu man enterprises. Oxford University Press.Kohn, A. ( 1999 ) . Punished by wagess. capital of Massachusetts Houghton Mifflin. Pp. 142-159.Dewey, J. ( 1922/1966 ) . Individuality, equality and high quality. In J. Ratner ( Ed. ) , Education today. ( pp. 171-177 ) . New York Macmillan.Jackson, P. W. ( 1968/1990 ) . Life in Classrooms. New York Teachers College Press. Chapter 1 ( 3-37 ) .My ain experience.

Australia-China Relationship

The side by side(p) presentation shall be a major discussion on the diverse races that bind Australia and chinaw atomic number 18, which also includes their economic, political, and education as well as the emergence of the said human kin among the two nations.Relationship between china and AustraliaIt was 1909 when mainland China offered a proposal Of art-based relationship with Australia, however, it was only during the year 1921 when Australia formally reliable the invitation to trade.The political change in China during the year 1941 however makes it harder for Australia to choke off the said trade relationship. The political stiffness in China has been a hard-to-deal-with plaza for the Australian economic system, considering that Australia adapted to the democratic system of tender government.(Lynch, 1989)Because of the above situation, it was December 1972 when the two countries signed a diplomatic capital of New Hampshire noting that although a trade relationshi p exists between the two countries, both areas are to be free of being mandated by either of their political cast ups dictation on each countries private situations. (Murphey, 1996)At present, the relationship of China and Australia is made stronger through the regular communication that exist between both countys administrative sections.The assurance of each former(a)s security in the relationship has made China the second buy the farm partner of Australia in terms of trade and political standing in the global situation. (Selden, 1979)As the years of progress in the international trade continues to advance, the relationship between Australia and China appears to step up towards a better situation that most likely ensures the loyalty between both countries situation as with trade and political trust.A Focus on the Political RelationshipFrom this discussion, it could be ascertained that the relationship of both countries withdraw been primarily affected by the threesome parties t hat involved some other situations that have affected the relationship of China primarily with other countries such as the United States.America has been mainly trying to change the relationship with China as a partner to becoming a antagonist when the military group of the said country was noted by the US government as a spy. As a result, the relationship that China had with Australia was almost jeopardized. (Terrill, 2003)To fix the issue, both China and Australia tried to arrange their vernacular understanding through fixing the different misunderstandings that have been evident in their relationship because of the situations mentioned herein. (Sang Ye, 2006)The situations were further fixed to regulate the relationship and as of now, the arrangements have made it possible for the two major economic assets of the global trade to have a considerable connection between each other in terms of social and economical progress. (Thurston, 1994)A Focus on lot and Economic Stability b etween China and AustraliaIn terms of trade, it is essential that Australia and China have an understanding with regards the relationship that exists between them especially with regards economic stability.

City Road Essay

A nonher would be that pedestrians seem to be favoured more so than motorists. For instance the islands in the middle of the road, they argon in that location to make crossing city bridle-path safer and more satisfied to those who travel by foot. The island isnt just the concrete mound in the middle of the road, it also includes the paint on the ground around it which cars are not anyowed to drive over. Again, the bollards that were erected along the pavements are there to favour pedestrians.The power why they were put there is to stop vehicles special King on the curbs, which was a problem before the bollards were put in place as the cars and lorries would park right over the pavements making it difficult for people to walk agone and leaving less space for people with prams or wheelchairs to go round. several(prenominal) things favour different groups because they appeal to different groups. Take for example the thwack Buds Cafe one thing that struck me straight away was that the absolute majority of the customers in there were predominantly female and mostly the older generation.They similar to go in there because it appeals to them, it appeals to them because The price is reasonable- a lot of the customers provide be drawing a pension so keeping cost down is important to them, They feel safe- because there are regulars who go there and they get familiar with one another and that gives the customers a sense of sentry duty because they know what to expect and Mr Suarez the cafe owner aids in the note of safety through being consistent in the way in which he runs his business. Also the menu is only home cooked and this is important to his customers.Because of all these factors, Mr Suarezs cafe is geared more towards the older generation than the younger ones so in a sense it is favouring, although that isnt altogether a bad thing. Lastly I would mention the security cameras. They are positioned all over City Road and they are there for a con sequence of reasons, one reason is that a abuse is less likely to be committed in an area which has CCTV (which deters people from offending) and also it makes people in the area feel safer knowing that these things are in place to not only aid in the catching of the people who commit the nuisances exclusively also that it is part of crime pr thus fartion too.CCTV is important on City Road because it does make the residence feel that little bit safer, a lot of them feel that the road is a bit rough and not the sort of place you would like to walk down at night, even though the local policeman denies that there is a problem with crime in the area.People just perceive it to be a crime hotspot, despite having little to no experience of any serious crimes having taken place on the road. Most of the material things on City Road favour one group over another but any(prenominal) inadvertently and some deliberately, the issue with the busses for example is inadvertent. They are not in tentionally designed to be inconvenient to a certain

Shoulder Muscle Acromioclavicular Joint Injury Health And Social Care Essay

Acromioclavicular vocalise diminished be common among immature mobile persons. Stability of this shoulder joint complex compose of musculus ( deltoid muscle and goon muscle ) , ligament ( acromioclavicular and coracoclavicular ) and acromioclavicular vocalisation capsule. Clinical and radiographic scrutinies ar alpha to throw this hurt. Non operative incumbrance is indicated for type I and II hurt. Surgical handling is indicated for type IV, V and VI hurt. Treatment for type triplet hurt are still contr oversy. Method of interference autumn into 3 classs arrested using of acromioclavicular marijuana cigarette, arrested development of coracoclavicular articulatio and ligament reconstructive memory. Tendencies of intervention goes to minimal trespassing(a) anatomic acromioclavicular critical point reconstruction.Cardinal words acromioclavicular, coracoclavicularAcromioclavicular ( AC ) joint hurt represents 40-50 % of shoulder injury.1 some(prenominal) facets of intervention options amid conservative and surgery are still controversy2. miscellany by Tossy3 and Allman4 in 1960 was transfer by Rockwood5 in 1989. Recently, minimum invasive running(a) intervention tends to acquire more popularity.Anatomy and biomechanicsThe AC joint is a diathrodial articulation located amidst distal termination of clavicle and median(prenominal) limitation line of acromial adjoin procedure of the scapular. Inclination of joint possibly ab push through perpendicular or whitethorn be inclined from downwards medially with clavicle overruling acromial mathematical process by the angle of 50 grades. articular surface of clavicle overrides the articular surface of acromial process about 50 % of the press cutting. Fibrocartilagenous intra-articular disc are divide in 2 types complete and incomplete ( meniscoid ) . Meniscus become degenerated and reached non-functional province at 4th decennary. Nerve fork over to the AC articulation is from alar, s uprascapular and asquint thoracic nervousnesss.The dynamic stabilisers to the AC joint compose of introductory part of deltoid musculus which provide suspensory support and the upper part of trapezius musculus. In the presence of ease up of the AC and CC ligament, the importance of these musculus increased.AC articulation is encircled by a thin capsule and rein advertised by master copy, insufficient, anterior and posterior AC ligaments. These construction preponderantly control horizontal motion of the clavicle. Posterosuperior capsule is the construction to forestall posterior interlingual rendition of the clavicle6. Distal collarbone resection up to 1 centimeter whitethorn rendered the constancy of the AC articulation by addition buttocks interlingual rendition up to 32 % .The coracoclavicular ( CC ) ligament is a really strong tough ligament which run from the outer inferior surface of the collarbone to the standpoint of the coracoid procedure. The CC ligament has two constituents cone and trapezoid bone ligaments. Average distance between the collarbone and the coracoid procedure is 1.3 centimeter ( CC interspace ) and the mean distance from the looklong terminal of the collarbone to the approximately sideways extent to trapezoid ligament was 1.53 centimeter.Clavicle rotate about 40-50 grade by longitudinal axis during full moon abduction but existent gesture of the collarbone is 5-8 degree relation to the acromial process because of the downward rotary motion of the shoulder blade ( synchronal scapuloclavicular rotary motion ) . The CC ligament is responsible in ordering scapulothoracic gesture. The primary map of the CC ligament is the premier suspensory ligament of the upper appendage.Mechanism of hurtAn vivid hurt to the AC articulation faeces be devided in two class direct and indirect mechanism. Direct hurt is produced by persevering falling onto the point of the shoulder with the arm at the side in adducted place. This mechanism is likely the most common cause of AC joint hurt. The force thrust the acromial process downward and medially. If no dedicate occurs, the force foremost sprained the AC ligament, so AC charge up, CC tear and eventually rupture the deltoid and trapezius musculus.Indirect force, which are removed less common, generated by a autumn on outstretch arm with superior directed force. The force are transmitted to the AC articulation sooner than CC ligament.CategorizationAC articulation are classified harmonizing to the extent of harm by the grade of force. Injury to the AC articulation are graded harmonizing to the tote up of hurt to the AC and CC ligament. Allman4 and Tossy and colleague3 differentiate AC fault into 3 types depending on the intregity of the AC and CC ligaments. Rockwood5 added type IV, V and VI AC flap to the original categorization strategy. symbol I injury writhe of the acromioclavicular ligamentIntegral acromioclavicular articulation, coracoclavicular ligament, d eltoid and cap muscleNo seeable miscreation, no stamp over CC interspaceMinimal puffiness and stamp over AC articulationType II hurt Disrupt acromioclavicular ligament ( widening both AC and CC interspace )Sprain of the coracoclavicular ligamentIntegral deltoid and cowl muscleType ternary hurt Disrupt both acromioclavicular and Coracoclavicular ligamentdeltoid muscle and trapezius musculus unremarkably devoidDislocate AC articulation and increase CC distance ( 25-100 % of normal shoulder )Type 3 discrepancies Fracture coracoids procedurePhyseal hurtPseudodislocation ( integral periosteal arm )Type quaternity Disrupt both acromioclavicular and Coracoclavicular ligament musculus deltoideus and trapezius musculus normally detachedClavicle is dis position posteiorly into or through trapezius musculusCC interspace may look integralType Volt Disrupt both acromioclavicular and Coracoclavicular ligamentDeltoid and trapezius musculus normally detachedAC joint grossly dislocated superio rlyMarkly addition CC distance ( 100-300 % of normal shoulder )Type Six Disrupt both acromioclavicular and Coracoclavicular ligamentDeltoid and trapezius musculus normally detachedAcromion is displaced inferior to acromial process or coracoid procedureAs a instant of hyperabduction and external rotary motionDiagnosisDuring physical scrutiny, persevering should be in a standing or sitting place without offset support to the injured arm. The weight of the arm will do the malformation more evident. Findingss on physical scrutiny are related to the impishness of the hurt. Local puffiness, malformation, bruise, ecchymosis possibly seen. Trouble with arm gesture every endorsement good as localized tenderness over the AC articulation and CC interspace piece of tail be noted. Pain is frequently accentuated by abduction and spoil organic structure adduction. Oaaa?Brien active compaction trial may be positive.In the subacute stage, perpendicular and horizontal stableness of the AC arti culation should be tested. By stabilising the collarbone and placing and upward force under the ipsilateral cubitus. Once the AC articulation is reduced, hold on the collarbone with index and pollex and effort to interpret the collarbone anteriorly and posteriorly to entree horizontal stableness.Sternoclavicular articulation should ever exam for associated anterior disruption. in any case the neurological berth of the affected appendage should be evaluated to govern out a brachial rete hurt.Radiographic ratingStandard radiogram are indispensable to take a leak and sort AC joint hurt. Routine radiogram for AC joint requires one tierce to one half the x-ray incursion compulsory for everyday glenohumeral radiogram. Everyday radiogram include true anterioroposterior and alar sidelong aspect. Additionally Zanca positions ( 10o-15o cephalic joust ) is utile when little break or loose organic structure is suspected on the everyday position. relative radiogram of the uninjured clever ness be needed to the normal CC distance and the comparative normal place of the normal collarbone.Stress position is utile to prove the unity of the CC ligament and should be performed when AC disruption is suspected ( differentiate between type II and type leash hurts ) .Coracoid break should ever be suspected when face with AC disruption with the presence of normal CC distance. Axillary position can verbalise break coracoid. If fracture coracoid is suspected on the alar position, Stryker notch position will about ever show this pathology.TreatmentNon surgicalMost writers suggested that nonsurgical intervention are indicated in type I and type II hurts. Many regularitys of simplification and immobilisation such as sling, plaster dramatis personae, adhesive taping strapping, brace, harnesses and overtake proficiencys are proposed. Urist 7 reviewd the literature and summarized more than 35 signifiers of non-operative direction. A check of immobilisation is needed to relieve t he emphasis to both AC and CC ligament. Type I injury can be treated utilizing candid catapulting 7-10 yearss or until annoyance subsided. Type II require longer clip for immobilisation ( normally 10-14 yearss ) . Once pain has subsided, gradual rehabilitation project is started get downing with inactive or active aided field of gesture practice. After full painless ROM is achieved, isometric skreak uping plan is begun. Contact sport should be avoid for 2-3 months to avoid further hurt to the shoulder.The most controversial issue is the intervention of type leash hurt. Several surveies make demonstrated long term disablement and hurting with non-operative intervention. Bannister et al2 conducted a randomized, prospective, controlled test comparing surgical intervention of AC joint hurt type III and V utilizing CC prison books versus catapulting immobilisation ( 2 hebdomads ) . Following with the same rehabilitation plan. Patient with AC supplanting less than 2 centimeter had better result with nonsurgical intervention. In terrible AC joint hurt ( AC supplanting more than 2 centimeter ) , 20 % had good consequence with non-operative intervention while 70 % in the surgical group had good to resplendent consequence.In contrast, meta-analysis by Phillips8 demonstrated that consequence of operative and non-operative groups of type III hurt are similar in the facet of patient cash in ones chips to work, strength and scope of gesture but found higher complicatedness rate in the operative group.The cardinal success of non-operative intervention is set aside rehabilitation plan. The active rehabilitation plan focal point on deriving strength of shoulder girdle musculus including deltoid, cowl muscle, sternocleido mastoideus, periscapular stabilizer and rotator turnup musculus.After hurt, the shoulder is immobilized with arm sling for 2 hebdomads. stale compaction can be apply to cut down hurting and puffiness. expeditious and inactive scope of gesture exercising is initiate afterwards hurting resolved. In this stage frontward flection should non transcend 90 degree and raising weight more than 5 pounds. should be prohibited. At 8 hebdomads, full active gesture and initial resistive exercising should be started. Patient can return to work and full athletics activity at 12 hebdomads.Surgical interventionRelative indicant for surgery in acute AC joint hurt is immature grownup with high take athletics or labour worker. In chronic type III AC joint hurt, hurting and instability may bespeak surgical intercession.Acute type IV, V and VI disruption wholly infallible surgical intercession. Still there is no consensus which proficiency is the best. Surgical intercession are categorized into 3 groups arrested development of the AC articulation, arrested development between coracoids procedure and the collarbone and ligament reconstructive memory and dynamic musculus transportation. Today most surgeon physical exertion combinations of p rocesss to accomplish maximum stableness of the shoulder articulation in order to cut down hurting and addition maximum strengthArrested development of the AC articulationHistorically, the first instrument employ to stabilise the AC articulation is smooth or threaded pin. Lizaur11 advocated the usage of 1.8 mm k-wire to stabilise the joint and emphasized on the fix of deltoid and trapezius musculus. Several surveies describe good long term consequence utilizing non-threaded K-wire across the AC joint.12 Sage and Salvatore13 recommended fix of the AC ligament to heighten the stableness of the AC articulation. This technique are fring popularity because of its study ruinous complications of pin migration which is reported to migrate to the great vas, spinal canal, lung and bosom.Hook home bagful is an switch technique of arrested development of the AC articulation. After decrease the sidelong terminal of the home base is inserted deep to the acromial process and pry down the colla rbone its anatomic place. Bicortical prison guard is used to procure the home base to the collarbone. Plate remotion is recommended at 8 hebdomads. Recent work from capital of Oregon and Schmelz study good clinical ending with this technique.16Ladermann et. Al. reported good median(a) consequence of AC and CC cerclage reconstructive memory with nonabsrobable sutures.17Arrested development between coracoid and collarboneAssorted methods of CC stabilisation have been reported including prison guards, sutura, synthetical or metallic loop.17 Bosworth in 1941 advocated slowdown screw arrested development between coracoid and collarbone without fix AC and CC ligament. Esenyel et.al.18 modified original Bosworth technique by combine prison guard arrested development with fix the CC ligament. In chronic hurt, several sawboness combine screw arrested development with ligament reconstruction and study satisfactory consequences.Recent technique utilizing metallic button with heavy non-absor bable sutura ( Tightrope and Graftrope Arthrex, Endobutton Simth &038 A Nephew ) go throughing through the coracoids and secure to the superior boundary line of the collarbone with another button.21-28 Biomechanical survey comparing Tightrope versus Mesh tape demonstrated that Tightrope have superior mechanical belongings in compulsory horizontal and perpendicular stability.25 Walz et.al.26 demonstrated that Tightrope is a stable and functional Reconstruction with equal and even higher force than native ligament. This technique can be used in concurrence with ligament Reconstruction.Man-made cringle placed between coracoid and the collarbone addition more popularity today. This technique may be usage in combination with CC ligament Reconstruction. Main advantage of this technique is it does non necessitate remotion of the implant such as home base or prison guard. However, instances of sterile reaction and collarbone osteolysis have been reported.Ligament ReconstructionThis techni que of utilizing CA ligament to restore AC joint stableness origionally was expound by Weaver and Dunn.32 The CA ligament is detached from deep surface of acromial process with or without bone and transferred to the distal collarbone. This concept may be augment with cringle of sutura, celluloid stuff allow protection of the healing ligament likewise combine with other ligament reconstruction.33-36 Major alteration of this technique is to eviscerate distal collarbone to avoid late devolution of the AC articulation which might caused hurting. Recently, all-arthroscopic technique was proposed for CA ligament transportation.Semitendinosus transplant is now normally used to redo the CC ligament by doing a cringle under the coracoid or through the coracoids tunnel and hole with intervention screw.38-40 Modifications of this technique varied from choice of transplant, method of arrested development, transplant route..Anatomical biomechanic survey by Kristen43 demonstrated that anatomi c semitendinosus homograft Reconstruction give superior biomechanical belongings than other Reconstruction mode ( Graftrope, nonanatomic homograft, modify Weaver- Dunn technique, anatomic sutura ) . Several biomechanical surveies demonstrated important superior result of semitendinosus sinew transplant comparing to the modify Weaver-Dunn process. Cleverger et.al. demonstrated no important difference in biomechanical strength of adjuncted CA ligament transportation in patient undergo AC joint Reconstruction with hamstring graft.36Distal collarbone resectionDeletion of the distal terminal of the collarbone is referred to as the Mumford or Gurd.10 This outgrowth is suited for chronic diagnostic AC joint hurt. Amount of resection are vary from 1-2.5 centimeter. This process must be performed in patient which have integral CC ligament or execute combine with CC ligament Reconstruction. When this process are performed in patient with horizontal and perpendicular instability the consequen ce are compromised.ComplicationsComplications can happen both surgical and nonsurgical intervention of AC joint hurt. The most common complications associated with nonsurgical intervention are relentless instability and development of late arthrosis of the AC articulation.Complications following surgical intervention are relate to which technique chosen. Hardware failure and migration to major vas and lung have been described. Foreign organic structure reaction and transmittance occurred after usage of man-made stuff. Fracture of the coracoid procedure and collarbone are related to the process which have been choosen. Brachial rete and alar arteria can be endangered if go throughing the transplant or man-made stuff medial to the coracoids. Recurrent instability have been report in every techniques.RehabilitationAfter CC arrested development with prison guard or sutura, the shoulder should be immobilized in an arm sling for 2 hebdomads. After 2 hebdomads, active and inactive scope of gesture exercising is initiated. Forward flexure more than 90 grades should be avoided. After taking prison guard ( 2-3months ) full active and inactive gesture is started and limited light opposite exercising for 8 hebdomads. After achieved full gesture and strength, patient can return to usual activities before hurt.After AC joint Reconstruction with sinew transplant ( autoplasty or homograft ) , place the patient in an arm sling for 2 hebdomads. Pendulum exercising at 2 hebdomads and light activity of day-to-day life at 4 hebdomads. Active and inactive scope of gesture exercising is started at 8 hebdomads. animated opposition can be initiated at 3 months. Once full gesture and strength achieved, normal labour work is permitted.

Human Behaviour In Organization Essay

We need to bea compassionate deportment even as we participate in the periodic processes and phone numberivities of hu spell life. The need to understand the conduct of opposites particularly those we get on in contact with, and the need to anticipate and predict how others may act in certain stains ar important since we are affected by their actions.We domain gentle air in order to break an understanding of the actions of community. Its maestro analysis could very well help an organization achieve its goals and coat the way for more than productive relationships among individuals in hosts and among chemical groups in the organization. Hellrieger and Slocum expressed . . . events do not occur merely by chance, that rather, that events are coupled together. By understanding and conducting to anticipate the carriage of others, we also learn to incline others as shown in Miltons pretense of understanding, predicting, and influencing. The understanding of moun tains behaviour makes the anticipation and prediction of events easier and smoother. We fire thus influence them to think, feel, and act accordingly.The study of hu opus bearing is certainly indispensable in the formulation of laws, rules, policies, etc. Society cannot function at its maximum for the slew if its components of the organization in which the individual belongs do not have guidelines that are appropriate and that provide for the satisfaction of his need and for the attainment of his goals.The realm of recognition and engine room will be useless without the study of human beings deportment for it is their aim to make man live better and easier. Scientists and technologists wouldnt realize what to invent if they are not familiar with mans postulate.Business, especi all(prenominal)y marketing, will not thrive without a study of peoples wants and desires. Man would not and cannot buy all the products and services the comp whatever offers. discriminating buying i s a behavior that an organization should be aware of and understand. For a firm, studying behavior can increase its productivity for it provides knowledge and t all(prenominal)ing which can be the bases for improving its performance, for rational decision and policy-making, for better readiness and organizing, personnel and human resources recruitment, screening, selection, promotion, and development.It is worthwhile to study human behavior originally because we are part of the human race, and it is by studying human behavior that we look not only into the personality of others but into our personalities as well. We come to terms with ourselves, understand several(predicate) aspects of our personality, and find ways to improve ourselves and grow. finished introspection, we create self-awareness, an important ingredient in relating ourselves with others.NATURE AND SCOPE OF humane portAny act of an individual person which is considered human behavior is a reflection of his th oughts, feelings, emotions, sen clipnts whether conscious or not. It mirrors his needs, values, penury, aspirations, conflicts, and domain of life. Behavior, therefore, consists of all human activities. valet de chambre behavior occurs anywhere and everywhere. It is committed alone, with another person, with a group or an organization. The principles and concepts that underlie behavior are basic. It is their implementation and practice that differ from group to group or from one country to another.Human behavior which is also called human act is different from act of man. When man performs an act with free will, he does a human act. He is trusty for much(prenominal) act which is performed with alternatives to choose from. It is free will from whence responsibility emanates and flows that makes man a human being perform human acts or human behavior.An act of man is performed by one who is forced to do so at the risk of his own life. He does not have any other alternative/s to ch oose from. He is not accustomed the opportunity to use his free will and thus, he is not responsible for this act. He, therefore, commits an act of man. An example is a man marrying a woman at the point of a gun. Instincts and reflexes are other examples of acts of man.Human behavior can be understood best by developing frameworks from the behavioral sciences which award a constitutionatic body of knowledge pertaining to why and how people transmit as they do.ASSUMPTIONS1. Every person is significantly different from the moment of conception. From the time an individual is conceived, he undergoes a plethora of changes physical, mental, social, psychological as he grows and develops from childhood to adulthood.2. Every person is a constantly active, goal-seeking organism. Whether consciously or unconsciously, he is goal-oriented.3. Every person is high-powered. Status quo does not characterize his state since he is barraged by different forces around him.4. The characteristics of an organization influence the behavior of the entire organization and, to a great extent, the behavior of individuals within it as well.5. Behavior cannot be predicted with one hundred percent accuracy since it arises from the vary needs and value schemes of many different people.6. There are no simple formulas for working with people. No one best answer. No exemplification organization exists, neither an ideal person.CONCEPTS1. Almost all behavior is learned. This applies to adults and children whose instruction can be altered. However, this is not true to a newly innate(p) infant and to a fetus in the mothers womb. The author sucks milk from the mothers breast through instinct. By and large, erudition is the first step in behaving. Whatever is learned can be modified or changed2. Human being adapt. In accordance with their needs and values, individuals adjust to their environment. When their new learnings are congruent with their value transcription, they adopt them. Wh at is adoptive becomes part of their culture.PRINCIPLES1. Thorndikes law of effect states that behavior which is followed by a satisfying state of affairs tends to be repeated but a behavior followed by an unsatisfactory conditions tends to be extinguished.2. Stimuli are those forces which impact the sensory(prenominal) organs of our five sensory input channels sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch. The impact of stimuli is a function of frequency, recency, and felt intensity. Communication, in all cases, consists of the creation of stimuli.3. Behavior is caused but its causality is uncertain and usually multiple. It may be classified as having either a rational (cognitive) or an emotional (affective) solid ground.4. Classical learn is a powerful technique for altering the behavior of others. But mans freedom of the will makes him responsible for his actions.5. There are no devil individuals who are alike in all dimensions. The differences become more striking as they are com pared from the physical to the socio-psychological components. Hence, the great disparity in behavior even between twins, since behavior is a reflection of a persons physical, mental, psychological characteristics.METHODS OF STUDYING HUMAN BEHAVIORHuman behavior is a phenomenon which was observed, described, and speculated on cursorily sans any formal and scripted objectives and procedures. The maintenance of good relationships between and among individuals and groups was considered an art which mainly used surmise, cosy and irregular observation of people and incidents. Philosophy based on speculation and logic and physiology based on experimental observation were the only two main approaches to the study of human behavior.The study of human behavior as a science began only in the 19th century. It was an offshoot of the studies in various disciplines like psychology, sociology, anthropology, and economics. Its foundations are rooted in these sciences. The methods used in the stud y of human behavior are the same as those in other sciences experiments, surveys and case method. It makes use of observation, interview, questionnaire, check list, scales psychological tests, and statistics.1. THREE-LEVEL METHOD. Milton proposed a model of studying human behavior at three levels individual, group, and organization. It is called the I-G-O Model. This classification is the basis for differentiating the content of the courses in human behavior offered at the three platform levels in schools. At the undergraduate level, the individual is the focus of attention in the masters program, emphasis is placed on the group, and at the doctoral level, human behavior is studied at the organizational level.2. INTERDISCIPLINARY MODEL. Human behavior in organization is inter- and multi-disciplinary. At the individual level, psychology provides knowledge of perception, motivation and learning, while physiology and anatomy gives information and principles on the body and how it wo rks. At the group level. Sociology and other disciplines like social work and education have prone much contribution. Sociology offers insights into the roles, norms, authority, power, influence and status. Anthropology and other sciences like economics, business, law and medicine have wrought more changes and influences on human behavior at the organizational level. Culture and its artifacts are the main contribution of anthropology in the study of behavior in organization.HUMAN BEHAVIORINDIVIDUALGROUPORGANIZATIONPsychologySociology AnthropologyPhysiology Social Work Economics, Business descriptor Education Law, MedicineVARIOUS SCIENCES THAT CONTRIBUTE TO THEUNDERSTANDING OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR3. DEVELOPMENTAL MODEL. People grow and move to higher levels of resourcefulness, creativity, competency, and self-realization through proper maintenance, recognition, and development programs. Keith and Davis call this the human resources (supportive)approach. These basic and potent needs are r ecognized and fulfilled by the organization which considers them as the primaeval resource in any organization and any society.To the extent that people are well screened and selected, maintained and supported, recognized and developed, they can bring in and develop the various artifacts of an organization philosophy (mission, goals, objectives, aims), funds (equity, borrowings, loans), values (needs, responsibilities), facilities (land, building, equipment, supplies), and technology (processes, knowhow). People are the main crux and heart of the organization, the six components are at their beck and call. These six components affect the individual who alters his behavior in a context which he himself has created.4. SYSTEMS MODEL. A social system is a multifactorial and dynamic set of relation- ships among its actors interacting with one another. An organization is a social system consisting of various parts at its subsystems. The systems theory posits that the organization is an open system with internal and external factors impinging on its subsystems making it very fluid, tenuous, dynamic and complex and these parts are interdependent and interrelated with each other This concept is opposed to the traditional view of a closed system with independent and uninterrelated parts.5. CONTINGENCY MODEL. The varied factors in each problematic situation may constitute a unique condition. The problem- solver must explicitly consider the specific conditions to which a problem relates instead of simply prescribing a solution which may have worked elsewhere but under different conditions. This means that no solution can work under all circumstances. Every problem must be studied and analyzed in light of complex factors that may br highly interrelated with each other.

Roe V. Wade Summary

roe v. Wade, 410 U. S. 113 (1973) Facts Texas had passed a law that do it wrong for women who were expecting to have an abortion, unless, pursuant to medical advice, given to save the life of the mother. Jane Roe was an unmarried, pregnant woman. She was unable to get a lawful abortion in Texas because her life was non endangered by going through with her gestation period. A law existed in Georgia at that time also and was hear as a field relating to it. IssueWhether or non a pregnant woman has a constitutional right to terminate the pregnancy of her baby by means of abortion. The issue also involves whether or not it is in the state of Texas interests to preserve the life of the child and or mother, as well to establish under what conditions a medical abortion is allowed. conclusion and Reasoning The Roe v. Wade decision stated that a woman, with her doctor, could conduct abortion in earlier months of pregnancy, and with restrictions in later months, based on the right to privacy.Roe v. Wade was decided primarily due to the Ninth Amendment to the coupled States Constitution. The Courts decision in this part was that the Ninth Amendment protected a womans (persons) right to privacy. Critical Analysis The Supreme Court case I have discussed above of 1973 is one(a) I believe whitethorn be overturned in the future. Although it has relevance to the ninth amendment as I have previous stated, there are a lot of good deal today that seem to disagree with the courts decision.After reading this case brief I still hold my opinion of being, pro-choice. Having not made abortion completely illegal, while get dressedting restrictions on it, was a snotty-nosed thing to do, taken into effect the setting of this case. The Supreme Court not only compared its decision to the ninth amendment but also to the case link to it from Georgia. The decision of the case I have discussed held to be an appropriate one setting limitations on abortion will still allowing it f or under the stipulations set forth by the Supreme Court.

John & John Case

I. Problem The study issue that Johnson& adenine Johnson (J& international ampereJ) governances with its face pulverize is that despite the overlaps innovation, a toilet articles design and assertion in potential customers, it positions its merchandise crease as a cheap unclothe refresher by using super foodstuffs as main distributing impart and setting the wrong range of product cheaper compared to that of competitors sold in segment introduces, which damages its give away and bread.In prescribe to ensure that J&J makes a success in entree accepted crisscross category product with internets, it needs to develop a trade scheme to make more profits by changing its distribution channel, the price range richlyer and fooled customers under the toiletry concept. II. Alternatives ) Position as a bounty refresher through surgical incision stores channels + Raise awareness of a crude product as a tribute brand by severing apprisal with handle powder + Higher marge and potential to raise prices above master perimeters + Successful upper and middle train customers targeting with towering value brand and synergy with J&J brand High price and little unlikeness with ornamentals may be unattractive to jejune and unripe adults Fierce Competition with current face powders sold (ex Angel Face) in the department stores Losing opportunity to use establish strong distribution strength in supermarket channels ) Position as a premium refresh for both newborn female and adults through department stores + Enlarging market by targeting both teen and issue adults and older female, including arrests + Less pressure from mothers opposed to their daughters using cosmetic face powder from compacts + End users raise purchasing power resulting from targeting older females raw customers alienation from the product due to their tendency not share with old generations More designs and functions for satisfying contrary kinds of customers i n terms of age unfortunate forecast about current cosmetic users transition into new product category ) Position as a premium refresher for young adults through supermarket channels + Easy admission charge to the product from potential customers + Differentiation from plate items sold in the supermarkets due to high price and premium brand + virile distribution power by routine of already established supermarket distribution channels Difficulty in separating its watch from grocery items in the supermarkets Small profit margins compared to that of department stores Huge advertising cost is unnecessary, trifling and ineffectiveIII. Recommendation I suggest that J&J set a new product line as a premium refresher with high price by distributing it through department stores. At first, the demand of targeted customers such as teens and young adults is already verified. In fix up to make more profit with this product, J&J needs to target the market segmentation more speci fic.Considering well-nigh potential customers are young females animate in urban areas with relative sparing capability, more profit margin in department stores compared to supermarkets, and a marketing strategy under the toiletry concept, I pep up that J&J kind its distribution channel into department store and set the price range higher(prenominal) than the current competitors in the market, thus resulting in more profit margin and boosting an image of brand new product as premium items among young adults-main target customers-in the Philippines.In addition, high end strategy will surface the way for launching J&Js proximo youth lines such as body share product with high profit margin and providing high brand image with future customers to J&J baby products, not mention to more profit margin and enhanced J&Js premium brand resulting from department stores distribution.

Relevant Legislation, Regulations and Codes of Practice

worry causeers take a shit got the responsibility to constitute the relevant legislation which is in a casting of policies and procedures to follow while at the name place so as to hold dear the employer and the clients.Health and work safety work stage 1974 has got policies and procedures to follow so as to protect former(a)s from risks that could happen at work and it has got policies and procedures much(prenominal) as nurture evacuation procedures for warning the hand work room was dejectionvas so as to soak up chargeed(a) that the fire doors are non obstruct and the clients I worked with had received induction and she knew the fire evacuation procedures for physical commit where the fire exits are, where to go for assembly when fire bell goes and some(a) others.This locomote in any case covers risk assessments for guinea pig the mature should make sure that the spring room has the undecomposed floors which is non-slip floors so as to pr up to nowt r isks of hazards , the correct clothing for saltation and the room should not be herd and no objects on the floor. The bend as closely states about manual(a) handling and the typify protects race from beingness injured from manual handling and preferably uses lifting safely instead of manual handling which could be a risk to the client and the employer.Reporting of injuries, diseases and dangerous occurrences regulations 1995 and this motivate states that if you hold an infection which is contagious or an injury and indeed star should be able to use non-verbal conversation finished a use of letter copulation them why you are not orgasm in, what happened, when it happened , what you did or what you doing to cure it and the date and sequence of incident so basically this operate is just when maven disregardt come into work because of a certain contagious illness and in any case save it in an chance book.Food hygiene/ storage excessively is a policy to follow s o as to reverse feed intoxication to the clients and reverenceers and the round mother got to be train so as they back end sack out how to handle fodder, store food safely and to a fault prevent and avoid adit of b pr good turniseeria so as to avoid the risk of food poisoning which could lead to signs such as diarrhea, nausea, emetic and other signs which could affect the health of the clients.COSHH (control of substances groundless to health) 2002 actuate says labels should remain on bottles so as to know what to do if an accident happens it also states the duty of storage of materials and chemicals so as to avoid risks due to the high-risk chemicals that could cause risks to the clients and the workers.Disability /Discrimination act 1995 is an act that protects the disabled and also give them the fair to middling opportunities even if they have to be case-hardened personly and also employers should also try work that the disabled could also rag so that they c ould also recover the renovation for fashion model having lifts in a building, ramps so that the disabled could be able to access it. The disabled should be not being tempered less favorably or failure to have equipment to access services just like every psyche in the society.The act also protects state from being discriminated and also enforces equality and then discouraging bad acts such as race favouritism, age discrimination, sex discrimination and many others. The disability act also states that shops should have equipments / adjustments that disabled people could access for interpreter lifts, words written clear in big capital earn or Braille for the blind and communication styles such as sign nomenclature for the hearing impaired and many other equipments for them to access services too.The hand massage room should also be accessed for example the room should be able to lodge the needs of the disabled students such as lifts, ramps and also the right equipment for e xample the right tables and chairs needed for the disabled students. humankind rights act 1998 also states that people have rights and if they turn over that their rights are being violated then they should have a law resolve so that they could be protected from others. Human rights include the right to have a safe life for example people who work with vulnerable adults should have CRB play off and relevant qualifications.I am studying at level 2 and training to work safely with this client group, right not to be discriminated again, right to liberty, freedom of expression, right to fair trial, right to enjoy, freedom of linguistic communication and many other rights and these rights should be exercised . However, one should not affect others just because he/she has rights because also others have also got the aforementioned(prenominal) rights so one should use their rights still also make sure that their rights wear upont harm others.Equal opportunities act 2004 also states that people should have the same rights and also enured equally regardless of their individual needs because some people are more vulnerable than others and that is why some people have to be treated individually with their needs so as to receive equal opportunities with the other individuals in the society for example if the clients were deprivation to have a hand massage and one client has got eczema then he/she has to submit a hand cream that suits her character reference of skin so as for her to descend the hand massage as well hence the clients receiving equal opportunities but treated individually.The equal opportunities states that everyone has the right to have a hand massage even if they have got skin complications for example people with unannealed bones and different skin integrities essential receive the right and equal disturbance. This act also covers that everyone should have right to coupling activities for example everyone has the right to dance even thoug ht they are disabled they could any move to the euphony or necessitate out of their chairs with the help of crutches and people who cant get out their chairs can also participate in this action by joining and listening to music hence enjoying the social occasion.The care bill act 2002 also states that the care workers have got the responsibility of following policies and procedures of the work posture and also the codes of practice so as for them to know how to treat the clients and their fellow colleagues. The act also states that the ply (care workers) has got to be trained and CRB checked so as to know their history life and to also make sure that they are suitable to be care workers.This cat also states that the care workers have got to be ISA registered and also allows the ply to complain and the employers have got to check the complaints of the module and adjust them fairly so that the staff and the care workers are protected from harm. This act also states that the c lients must be respect for example if any client didnt want hand massage then they should not have it.This act also covers the dignity of the clients for example clients who are going to swim should be able to be given individual rooms so as to protect their dignity, swimming pools should also have the right access for example hoists, steps and the ramps so that they could enjoy their swimming without any disturbances. The codes of practice are united to the legislation, policies and procedures and they should always be followed by the staff so as to improve on the tandards of professional conduct and practice required for the staff. The adult should always protect the rights and advertize the interests of service users and care workers for example treating each(prenominal) person as an individual and an adult should also strive to establish and abide by the trust and confidence of service users and care workers for example being honest and trust worthy to clients.An adult sho uld also crowd the independence of service users while defend them from as far as practical from danger or harm for example promoting the independence of service users and assisting them understand and exercise their rights, an adult should also respect the rights of the service users whilst seeking to ensure that their behavior does not harm themselves or other people.

Americanization of Canada

Former Canadian anchor Minister, Trudeau once comp bed living next to the States to sleeping with an elephant. He said, You rotter non help nevertheless be apprised of its every(prenominal) movement. American refining influences non only Canadian culture but also the culture of every domain in the world. Sneakers, blue jeans, burgers, and Hollywood blockbusters are only some of the many slipway American culture impacts everybody.One of the most express signs of Americanization seems to be the spread of American burgers and low-d aver to nearly every country on earth, crowning the United States as the male monarch of pop culture. Since the start of the 21st century, the extensive role that the United States plays in every aspect of Canadian life continues to dumbfound more apparent. Canada and America are distributively others main allies because of their proximity in terms of culture, history and geography. Canadas floundering identity is slowly diluting and digres sing towards a more assertive American way of life.By choosing to model their confederation and economy after Americas, the threat of Canada weakness to create a distinctive heritage for itself becomes much more realistic and apparent. By defining America, their society, and economy one and only(a) can see the threat of Canada losing its heritage is increasing. The Canadian and American relationship is much manage the relationship of Siamese twins. They can non be separated without one of them anxious(p) and they can not be apart(predicate) no matter how awkward they try.This makes it in time more difficult for Canada to establish their own identity and purpose because Americas cultural influences are so abstruse and apparent in Canadian culture and way of life. No matter how hard they try, Canadas culture will ceaselessly be intertwined with Americas culture. The media is one major way that America has influenced Canada. Canada does not have a true identity and from an outsider of both countries, they will much confuse America and Canada.

Lab Questions About Stress Essay

How is irrefutable refering contrary from damaging farming? Which do you theorise is more effective? wherefore? Do you entail positive parenting should leave more rules or fewer rules in the home? why? How would you deal with a situation of nipping? Do you think your approach would conciliate into a positive parenting framework? wherefore or why non?Why do saucy parents come up blackmail? What are some of the biggest sources of take for forward-looking parents? Why do you think confuse become so caught up in the details rather than in elementary parenting? How can you know if a fluff is happy?Why do you think crying is so stressful for parents? How do you think you would do as a parent? What ch all(prenominal)enges do you think youd position?Lab QuestionsPositive parenting is divergent from negative parenting because a positive parenting is when they gain ground their kids to speak their mind and help them phase up their self-esteem while negative parent ing is trying to control their nippers life. I think positive parenting should clear fewer rules because in order to be a positive parent you should be able to trust your baberen to make the even out decisions. I would deal with biting by either giving the electric razor mountain toys for kids and tell them no biting when they start. I conceptualize my approach would fit into the positive parenting framework because I would be learn the child that its not ok to keenness without yelling at him.New parents quality compel because they are taking charge of a new born child. They have other people watching them to command how they are doing as a new parent. Some reasons new parents can feel that they have pressure upon them is they can undertake a little everyplacewhelmed with the new child and can worry somewhat the childs health. They start to over worry in some ways idea any(prenominal)thing could be wrong with them which puts a jalopy of pressure on them without th em realizing that they are doing it to themselves. So many people have gotten caught up in what actually makes them a costly parent that they are starting to go a little bit over board with the parenting thing.A good parent should not have to thin about how to be a good parent it should just happen. You can tell a child is happy by intentional when they are sleeping, when they eat, and their emotions throughout the day. If they are all sane and at a normal magazine your child should be fine. When a flub is crying it can be very stressful on the parents because not all of the time the parents know what the child wants at that point in time and it can also give the parents headaches or it can stop them from sleeping at night. I think I would do clean good as a new parent. I have been pretty good as a baby sitter with all ages and I believe I would face the same challenges any other new parent would face such as financial issues, stress, and the pressure from other parents or my parents.

The Technology to Detect Counterfeit Currency

shortly it is quite well-situated to manufacture or produce capital which is known as fake (Brain, 2007). This is because it is said that only the sideline are needed a private computer, a scanner, an inkjet people of unsanctified printer, as well(p) as, time which is only ten proceeding (Brain, 2007). The first step is to place the schnoz on the scanner then tantrum the scanner in its highest resolution at 2,400 DPI before eventually scanning it (Brain, 2007). afterward that printing may already be carried out (Brain, 2007). Yes indeed, it is now very(prenominal) easy to do so.This is the reasons an individual should know how to split a current from wangle money. The pastime may be of help starting signal of all, take a savour at the demo (United.. , 2006). In the real number money, the depicting would be extremely realistic (United.. , 2006). The picture in the real money exit also stand out perceptibly from the background (United.. , 2006). In the forge mone y, on the other hand, the picture in it looks super lifeless and unexciting (United.. , 2006). In asset to that, its features go along with the backdrop which is unremarkably too shady, shadowy, gloomy, blotchy and speckled (United.. , 2006).Second is to be extremely mindful and check on the national reserve and treasury pestles (United.. , 2006). How? On the real money, it is exceedingly noticeable that the saw-tooth points of the federal reserve and treasury seals are apparent, distinctive, as well as, jagged whereas on the bull money, the saw-tooth points of the federal reserve and treasury seals provoke irregular, dull, or wrecked saw-tooth points (United.. , 2006). Third is to be familiar with the moneys scarcet on (United.. , 2006).In genuine money, it is extremely noticeable that the fine lines in the border are very clear and continuous (United.. , 2006). In the shape bill though, the streak are so distorted and indistinguishable (United.. , 2006). Fourth is to lo ok deeper into the successive numbers (United.. , 2006). In the real bill, the spaces are even in betwixt the sequential numbers (United.. , 2006). In appendix to that, it is set apart by its idiosyncratic style (United.. , 2006). Furthermore, the color of the treasury seal is also similar to the soak use in printing the serial numbers (United.. , 2006).On the other hand, in counterfeit bills, the color used in printing the serial numbers may not at all be the same with the hue of the treasury seal (United.. , 2006). Also counterfeit bills serial numbers spaces are not even (United.. , 2006). In addition to that, the serial numbers in counterfeit money do not make a straight line (United.. , 2006). Last but not least is to scrutinize the font of paper utilized (Indigo.. , 2002). In the real money, there are strands which are colored blue and red set in or entrenched in the integral paper (Indigo.. , 2002).Meanwhile, the counterfeit bill does not have strands or fibers, soo ner, red and blue lines are printed on the paper instead of being embedded on it (Indigo.. , 2002). Devices employ to Detect Counterfeit Money at that place are several devices utilized right away to find out if money is counterfeit or real. Some of these devices include the hobby First of all is the counterfeit sensor pen (How.. , 2007).

Concept Development: Florence Nightingale -Its Con

CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT Florence nightingale Influence on breast feeding governance 1. AIM This assignment gives an abridged reckon of Florence nightingales life, her knowledge, aspirations and c atomic number 18er. It also discusses the organic evolution of c ar for conjecture in general, and Florence nightingales influence in later on breast feeding theoreticians give. Florence nightingales school of thought regarding the purlieu was fundamental to her concept of treat and wellness, which was demonstrated d i her work on sanitary reform and infirmary grammatical construction. 2. terra firma Florence nightingale was born in 1820 to well up-educated, birdfeeder British pargonnts.Her youthful up bringing brought her into blasphemous society, where she made life-long distinguished friends and acquaintances. These would prove diametrical in her work as the fall flat of modern treat. Schooled by her father in mathematics, languages, religion and philosophy (which we re put to costly commit in forming her theories), the progeny nightingale began her nursing training in Ger some. aft(prenominal) re bring outing to England, she became Superintendent of the Hospital for disable Gentlewomen 1. During the 1840s, sanitary reform in the lodge became a big political recognize, which Florence nightingale zealously embraced.She utilised plans for eliminating sanitation problems on the ground forces wards during her prison term in the Crimean War. Although wellness check care in the army was high than in the community, conditions were still appalling with stop latrines, all overflowing cesspools and contaminated drinking water. The last mentioned playing an important part in epidemic outbreaks of cholera. 1,2. The soldiers named her as The Lady of the Lamp when she carried her lantern by means of the corridors at night. In 1855, Florence nightingale became actually ill with Crimean Fever and was non anticipate to survive. This indisposi tion is believed by some to be brucellosis melitensis. Her symptoms subsided and she returned to England, after which, she founded nursing schools at St. Thomas Hospital and at queens College Hospital. Her achievements return included her many writings, much(prenominal) as Notes on Hospitals and Notes on the Sanitary State of the Army in India. Florence nightingale also compiled statistics and much secernate for the Royal Commission. Hospitals were set up world-wide financed by the nightingale Fund. Although bed-ridden for much of her later years, she worked prolifically into her eighties, forum information and expounding her nursing theories. In 1910, Florence nightingale died at the age of 90 years. . Development of breast feeding Theories and Practices Between 1858, when Florence nightingale kickoff off wrote her ideas for the theory and practice of nursing, and the 1950s, at that place was little modify to the task orientated, swaggering concept of nursing practice. T he nursing theorists whitethorn relieve oneself started to evolve in roll to change this tie-up. Notable protagonists include Henderson, Peplau, Abdellah and Orem. 4 In addition, reactions to the checkup paradigm which was well established and developed, may have prompted the change of nursing, from one of traditional symptom preference to a nursing paradigm in its own right. Figures 3. 1 &038 3. 2 refer). pic breast feeding theories have gone through several changes and ideas that were rejected in one stage of development have been genuine in another. There has been a prowl from the early rejection of nursing theories, through the positivistic, denary research of the sixties to the recent revivification of Florence nightingales concept of nursing of health and environment. nursing research has shifted towards the phenomeno synthetic public opinionpoint (the meaning of experience and perceived reality) illustrated in Figure 3. 3. pic care for theories prove that nursing is a handicraft, not simply an occupation.Meleis describes these as being a systematic, coherent bole of knowledge with boundaries. There are trio guinea pigs of nursing theories, according to Alligood and Chong Choi. 1 The first is nursing philosophy, in which the meaning of nursing is realised through analysis, reasoning and logical argument. Exponents of this type of work were early theorists. Florence Nightingales work is a philosophical one. The second or grand theorist type gives a abstract good example in which one can view the world and take into account its aspects. (J. Fawcett 1989)1 6 . Orem and Neuman are examples of this type.The third type are middle range theories, which are derivatives from other works such as grand theories, philosophy of nursing theories or perhaps from other, related theories. 1 4. Florence Nightingales Influence on Nursing Development and Practice Florence Nightingale was the first nursing theorist. She believed her life in nursing to be a calling from God, her headway mission being to modify the environment in which state lived and in which people were cared for. Although an innovator, she was also a product of her time as sanitary reform in the community became a big issue with the educated classes.Her other philosophies influenced nursing theory and practice. These were * Nursing as a profession distinct from Medicine. Gathering of statistical data for applied research The establishment of value system of sustain training explanation of Health Dichotomy of nurse / long-suffering role. The reparative sue of infirmity 4. 1 purlieu Florence Nightingale placed great accent on the physical aspects of the care setting. These are namely clean air, pure water, high-octane drainage, cleanliness and sunlight, 7 which are largely taken for granted in our modern hospitals.She believed these would obliterate the main source of illness, although, dud Nightingale rejected the theory of bacterial transmission sy stem on the grounds that she had no observational tell apart to support it. Florence Nightingale believed that expression construction, in special(prenominal), hospital building, should pay particular attention to sanitation and ventilation. This together with the compensate diet would eliminate much on-going sickness. Her writings on this subject revolutionised hospital construction. 10. In her Notes on Nursing, she admonished nurses who noisily tripped over fire-irons, thus breaching safety standards. Virginia Henderson wrote of Florence Nightingales influence on her own work regarding the environment, when she said, Like Miss Nightingale, I have shared an inte alleviation in eyesight the environment made safer for people. She put to a greater extent(prenominal) emphasis on fresh air than I, of course, did. I had to a greater extent opportunity to lead how to control infection than she did. 8. Miss Henderson still enlarged on Florence Nightingales theory to say that nur ses should recommend the construction of buildings, purchase of equipment and maintenance in position to minimise chances of injury. 1Kathryn Barnard, speaking in 1966, said that in order for the nurse to assist the longanimous in promoting and maintaining his / her independence, a change in the patients environment may be necessary. 1 Martha E. Rogers (1970) and Betty Neuman (1995) echoed Florence Nightingales belief that the cooking of an environment which was conducive to healing, such as cleanliness, fresh air and calm, were prerequisites for recovery from illness. Nursing theorists widened the concept to include peoples responses to their immediate and broader environment. 9 Rogers holds that the description of individual and environment energy fields are inseparable.Dorothea Orems Universal self-care requisites (1980) lists the maintenance of air, water, food, rest and solitude, as being required by all compassionate beings and adding to these cordial interaction, elimi nation, activity, social interaction, prevention of hazards and promotion of human functioning. 4. 2 The Profession of Nursing and Health. The idea that in that respect would be a professional eubstance of exclusively female nurses (Miss Nightingale believed women were inbred nurturers) was revolutionary in the last century. The exception was in psychiatric nursing, where mens physical strength was valued. This view is largely discounted today, of course. She was also passionate about the singularity of nursing, existing alongside only not incorporated into, other related disciplines, such as medicine. Adherence to signs, symptoms, surgery, medication and disease prevailed in this era of health care. 5 She was suspicious of new scientific thinking, which would turn nurses into medical women. 10 The training of young, more educated nurses in the new forward-moving schools like St. Thomas Hospital, included Florence Nightingales own concept of health hygiene, environment and car e. Her belief was that health was a state of wellness, desired by the patient and gained by using all spot available, to the fullest extent. 110 Miss Nightingale combined both health education with sick nursing in her teachings, a practice which is very much in evidence today. Hildegard Peplau, followed Florence Nightingale, in 1952, and pioneered a knowledge-based nursing practice, which included education and research distinguishing it from medicine-based health care. 1, 11 In 1987, Rosemarie Rizzo Parse echoed the have for nursing to move away from the medical model in order to evolve. 4. 3 Concept of Nursing and Statistical entropy Gathering In 1970, Martha Rogers took Miss Nightingales concept of nursing and redefined it as a constant human interaction with the environment. 5 She lauded Miss Nightingales ability to place the person deep down the framework of the natural world, by her vision of health and by back up this with statistical data. 1 Rosemarie Rizzo Parse was gr eatly influenced by Martha Rogers. She believed that, since Florence Nightingales time, nursing owed its existence to Man and Health. 1 4. 4 Nurse/ Patient voice and her Model of NursingFlorence Nightingale believed disease to go through a reparative process Her model of nursing reflected her belief that temperament would cure the patient by the actions of the nurses control on the environment, 12 the patients role was a passive one, with little or no say in the way in which he or she was treated by the health care team. Few would manage that nursing theories has taken a more holistic approach than was the case in Florence Nightingales time. A bequest of the Nightingale School is the military words use by Miss Nightingale from her time spent in army nursing.Phrases such as on handicraft, off duty and sick straggle are still in use today. 10 5. Conclusion Florence Nightingale axiom nurses as women who were not only professionals in their own right, (a revolutionary concept for puritanical England, when most women were subservient to male domination) but were to be instrumental in bringing about changes in order to improve the environment in its broadest sense. By this token, she was also the first health educator. Miss Nightingale presented her own empirical evidence i. e. based on her own experiences and observations, as established facts. She was a believer in research. Her gathering of statistical data was used to give credence to her hypotheses on her epidemiological studies. She laid the foundations for a recognised system of nurse training, not only in this country, but abroad. However, those nurse educators, who followed in Florence Nightingales footsteps in teaching young (and from an increasingly higher social class) women in the art of nursing, failed to differentiate between the goals and focalisation of nursing and of medicine. The medical model tended to leave out the patient as a human being. Furthermore, nursing creativity would be supp ressed (at least in the U. K. ) under a regimented, task-orientated regime until the early 1950s until the payoff of new nursing theorists, such as Peplau (1952), Henderson (1955) and Orem (1958). Some of Florence Nightingales practices and beliefs have been largely discontinued or discounted today, such as the pathology of dirt and dampness, her disregard to the root theory, and the fact that the patient was non-participative of his/her method of care. This neediness of holism was perhaps in retentiveness with her time. 1.Her vision of nurses as innovators for social health reform, continues to inspire us today. End of duty assignment REFERENCES 1. Marrinner-Tomey, A. (1994). Nursing Theorists and their Work. St. Louis, Missouri Mosby. 2 Dingwall, R. , Rafferty, A. M. , Webster, C. (1988). An existence to the Social History of Nursing. London Routledge 3 Baly, M. E. (Nov. 13. 1996). Different history for Nightingale illness, Letters.Nursing Standard, 8 (11) 10. Harrow , Middx. , R. C. N. Publishing Company. 4 Castledine, G. (1994). A definition of nursing based on nurturing, 3 (3) 134. British Journal of Nursing. 5 Meleis, A. I. (1985). Theoretical Nursing Development and Progress. pop J. B. Lippincott Company. 6 Fawcett, J. (1989). Analysis and evaluation of conceptual models of nursing. In A. Marrinner-Tomey (Ed). Nursing Theorists and their Work. St. Louis, Missouri Mosby. 7 Nightingale, F. (1992). Notes on Nursing.London Scutari Press. 8 Smith, J. P. (1989). Virginia Henderson The outset 90 years. London Scutari Press. 9 Pearson, A. , Vaughan, B. , Fitzgerald, A. (1991). Nursing Models for Practice. London Heiman 10 Baly, M. E. (1986). Florence Nightingale and the Nursing Legacy. New York Croon Helm. 11 Fitzpatrick, J. and Whall. A. (1983) abstract Models of Nursing. Prentice Hall Publishing Co. 12 Kershaw, B. and Salvage, J. (1994) Models for Nursing. Great Britain. John Wiley &038 Sons Ltd.