deadly Rain Acid fall has be tell on love an milieual associate within the last decade. The increasing environmental knowingness of the ugly condition of orbiter earth has not less(prenominal)ened the restore about bitter pelting. What is tart fall? Acid rain down is rain with pH values of less than 5.6. Acid rain is rain mixed with put to work. Sulfur is clothe into the air by sulphuric acid whole kits. about of the salientr sulphuric acid go downs atomic number 18 in Ontario Canada Where dose acid rain come from? There are several factors finalise the berth of each(prenominal) manufacturing make. Some of these factors are: 1. Is in that respect raise access to piercing materials? 2. Is the location close to major merchant marine routes? 3. Is on that point a suitable work force in the area for place construction and operation? 4. Is there decent heftiness resources pronto available? 5. Can the chemical plant whoremonger flow out its operation w ithout any unsufferable damage to the environment? The followers will explain in greater lucubrate why these factors should be considered. 1) Raw Materials: The plant needs to be close to the raw materials that are apply in the take of sulphuric acid like entropy, lead, copper, coat and sulfides. 2) Transportation: A manufacturer must(prenominal) consider battery-acid routes. The raw materials take for to be transported to the plant, and the final product must be transported to the consumer or distributor. Commission proof container are unavoidable for the transportation of sulphuric acid while sulfur can be overmuch more easily transported by motortruck or train. 3) clement Resources: For a sulphuric acid plant to operate, a adult work force will be required to expect the plant. The plant must employ chemists, technicians, administrators, information processing system operators, and mountain in sales and marketing. 4) Energy: Large amounts of energy will be requ ired. Distance to a plentiful render of ene! rgy is frequently a determining factor in deciding the plants location. 5) environmental Concerns: Concerns about the environment must be carefully interpreted into consideration. The chemical reaction of changing sulfur and opposite substances to sulfuric acid results in the creation of other substances like sulfur dioxide. This causes acid rain. 6) Water Supplies: Another enquire is the closeness of the location of the plants piss supply supply since large amounts of body of water supply will be indispensable for cooling. Producing Sulfuric Acid Sulfuric acid is assignd by two affectes-the chamber process and the cope with process. The contact process is the current process organism used to produce sulfuric acid. In the contact process, a purified dry swagger mixture containing 7-10% sulfur dioxide and 11-14% oxygen is passed by means of a preheater to a brand reactor containing a atomic number 78 or vanadium heat content peroxide catalyst. The catalyst promotes th e oxidisation of sulfur dioxide to trioxide. This then reacts with water to produce sulfuric acid. In practice, sulfur trioxide reacts not with pure water but with recycled sulfuric acid. The reactions are: 2SO2 + O2 > 2SO3 SO3 + H2O > H2SO4 The product of the contact plants is 98-100% acid. This can either be diluted to lower intentnesss or made stronger with sulfur trioxide to yield oleums. For the process, the sources of sulfur dioxide may be produced from pure sulfur, from pyrite, interpreted from smelter operations or by oxidation of hydrogen sulfide recovered from the purification of water gas, refinery gas, natural gas and other fuels. One of the effects of acid rain is the contamination of fresh water lakes. Lets consider the following scenario, a lake is grime by acid rain how do you invalidate it. i) The concentration of sulfuric acid is 0.0443 jetty/L. The pH is: No. bulwark of hydrogen ions = 0.0443 groin/L x 2 = 0.0886 counterspy/L hydrogen ions pH = - put dow n [H] = - log (0.0886) = - (-1.0525) = 1.05 Therefor! e, pH is 1.05. ii) The amount of base needed to nullify the lake water is: volume of lake = 2000m x 800m x 50m = 800,000,000 m3 or 8x108 m3 since 1m3=1000L, and so 8x1011 L 0.0443 mol/L x 8x1011 = 3.54 x 1010 mol of H2SO4 in water # mol NaOH = 3.54 x 1010 mol H2SO4 x 2 mol NaOH 1 mol H2SO4 = 7.08 x 1010 mol of NaOH needed Mass of NaOH = 7.08 x 1010 mol NaOH x 40 g NaOH 1 mol NaOH = 2.83 x 1012 g NaOH or 2.83 x 109 kg NaOH Therefore a total of 2.83 x 1012 g of NaOH is needed to neutralize the lake water.
iii) The use of atomic number 11 hydrated oxide versus limestone to neutralize the lake water: Sodium hydroxide : Sodium hydroxide produces water when reacting with an acid; it also mellow outs in water rattling(a) easily. When using sodium hydroxide to neutralize a lake, there may be several problems. One problem is that when sodium hydroxide cracks in water, it gives off heat and this may legal injury aquatic living animals. Limestone: Is another dash to neutralize a lake. Liming of lakes must be done with considerable caution and with an sentience that the underwater ecosystem will not be restored to its original pre-acidic pastoral even though the pH of water may treasure returned to more normal levels. When limestone dissolves in water it produces vitamin C dioxide. This could be a problem since a higher content of atomic number 6 dioxide would mean a lowered oxygen content especially when much algae growth is present. As a result, weightiness and other underwater animals may suffer. Limestone also does not dissolve as easily as sodium hydroxide pickings a longer period o f time to react with sulfuric acid to neutralize the ! lake. The equation for the neutralization using limestone is: Ca CO3 + H2SO4 ÄÄ> CaSO4 + H2O. In conclusion there are also numerous another(prenominal) an(prenominal) other sources of sulfur that contribute to acid rain much(prenominal) as power plants, steel mills and automobiles. Although these emissions need to be assertled they are not major contributers. There are many fence views as to the causes of acid rain and the best way to control it. There is Legislations limiting the issue of sulfur emissions in many states and countries. There are also many ideas on ways to clean the emissions. All of this has been very costly to the people of our planet both economically and environmentally and we are even so not able to effectively control acid rain. Until everyone vegetation together to control acid rain the efforts of a a few(prenominal) countries will not stop the effects of acid rain If you want to get a full essay, orde r it on our website:
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