Concept Development: Florence Nightingale -Its Con

CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT Florence nightingale Influence on breast feeding governance 1. AIM This assignment gives an abridged reckon of Florence nightingales life, her knowledge, aspirations and c atomic number 18er. It also discusses the organic evolution of c ar for conjecture in general, and Florence nightingales influence in later on breast feeding theoreticians give. Florence nightingales school of thought regarding the purlieu was fundamental to her concept of treat and wellness, which was demonstrated d i her work on sanitary reform and infirmary grammatical construction. 2. terra firma Florence nightingale was born in 1820 to well up-educated, birdfeeder British pargonnts.Her youthful up bringing brought her into blasphemous society, where she made life-long distinguished friends and acquaintances. These would prove diametrical in her work as the fall flat of modern treat. Schooled by her father in mathematics, languages, religion and philosophy (which we re put to costly commit in forming her theories), the progeny nightingale began her nursing training in Ger some. aft(prenominal) re bring outing to England, she became Superintendent of the Hospital for disable Gentlewomen 1. During the 1840s, sanitary reform in the lodge became a big political recognize, which Florence nightingale zealously embraced.She utilised plans for eliminating sanitation problems on the ground forces wards during her prison term in the Crimean War. Although wellness check care in the army was high than in the community, conditions were still appalling with stop latrines, all overflowing cesspools and contaminated drinking water. The last mentioned playing an important part in epidemic outbreaks of cholera. 1,2. The soldiers named her as The Lady of the Lamp when she carried her lantern by means of the corridors at night. In 1855, Florence nightingale became actually ill with Crimean Fever and was non anticipate to survive. This indisposi tion is believed by some to be brucellosis melitensis. Her symptoms subsided and she returned to England, after which, she founded nursing schools at St. Thomas Hospital and at queens College Hospital. Her achievements return included her many writings, much(prenominal) as Notes on Hospitals and Notes on the Sanitary State of the Army in India. Florence nightingale also compiled statistics and much secernate for the Royal Commission. Hospitals were set up world-wide financed by the nightingale Fund. Although bed-ridden for much of her later years, she worked prolifically into her eighties, forum information and expounding her nursing theories. In 1910, Florence nightingale died at the age of 90 years. . Development of breast feeding Theories and Practices Between 1858, when Florence nightingale kickoff off wrote her ideas for the theory and practice of nursing, and the 1950s, at that place was little modify to the task orientated, swaggering concept of nursing practice. T he nursing theorists whitethorn relieve oneself started to evolve in roll to change this tie-up. Notable protagonists include Henderson, Peplau, Abdellah and Orem. 4 In addition, reactions to the checkup paradigm which was well established and developed, may have prompted the change of nursing, from one of traditional symptom preference to a nursing paradigm in its own right. Figures 3. 1 &038 3. 2 refer). pic breast feeding theories have gone through several changes and ideas that were rejected in one stage of development have been genuine in another. There has been a prowl from the early rejection of nursing theories, through the positivistic, denary research of the sixties to the recent revivification of Florence nightingales concept of nursing of health and environment. nursing research has shifted towards the phenomeno synthetic public opinionpoint (the meaning of experience and perceived reality) illustrated in Figure 3. 3. pic care for theories prove that nursing is a handicraft, not simply an occupation.Meleis describes these as being a systematic, coherent bole of knowledge with boundaries. There are trio guinea pigs of nursing theories, according to Alligood and Chong Choi. 1 The first is nursing philosophy, in which the meaning of nursing is realised through analysis, reasoning and logical argument. Exponents of this type of work were early theorists. Florence Nightingales work is a philosophical one. The second or grand theorist type gives a abstract good example in which one can view the world and take into account its aspects. (J. Fawcett 1989)1 6 . Orem and Neuman are examples of this type.The third type are middle range theories, which are derivatives from other works such as grand theories, philosophy of nursing theories or perhaps from other, related theories. 1 4. Florence Nightingales Influence on Nursing Development and Practice Florence Nightingale was the first nursing theorist. She believed her life in nursing to be a calling from God, her headway mission being to modify the environment in which state lived and in which people were cared for. Although an innovator, she was also a product of her time as sanitary reform in the community became a big issue with the educated classes.Her other philosophies influenced nursing theory and practice. These were * Nursing as a profession distinct from Medicine. Gathering of statistical data for applied research The establishment of value system of sustain training explanation of Health Dichotomy of nurse / long-suffering role. The reparative sue of infirmity 4. 1 purlieu Florence Nightingale placed great accent on the physical aspects of the care setting. These are namely clean air, pure water, high-octane drainage, cleanliness and sunlight, 7 which are largely taken for granted in our modern hospitals.She believed these would obliterate the main source of illness, although, dud Nightingale rejected the theory of bacterial transmission sy stem on the grounds that she had no observational tell apart to support it. Florence Nightingale believed that expression construction, in special(prenominal), hospital building, should pay particular attention to sanitation and ventilation. This together with the compensate diet would eliminate much on-going sickness. Her writings on this subject revolutionised hospital construction. 10. In her Notes on Nursing, she admonished nurses who noisily tripped over fire-irons, thus breaching safety standards. Virginia Henderson wrote of Florence Nightingales influence on her own work regarding the environment, when she said, Like Miss Nightingale, I have shared an inte alleviation in eyesight the environment made safer for people. She put to a greater extent(prenominal) emphasis on fresh air than I, of course, did. I had to a greater extent opportunity to lead how to control infection than she did. 8. Miss Henderson still enlarged on Florence Nightingales theory to say that nur ses should recommend the construction of buildings, purchase of equipment and maintenance in position to minimise chances of injury. 1Kathryn Barnard, speaking in 1966, said that in order for the nurse to assist the longanimous in promoting and maintaining his / her independence, a change in the patients environment may be necessary. 1 Martha E. Rogers (1970) and Betty Neuman (1995) echoed Florence Nightingales belief that the cooking of an environment which was conducive to healing, such as cleanliness, fresh air and calm, were prerequisites for recovery from illness. Nursing theorists widened the concept to include peoples responses to their immediate and broader environment. 9 Rogers holds that the description of individual and environment energy fields are inseparable.Dorothea Orems Universal self-care requisites (1980) lists the maintenance of air, water, food, rest and solitude, as being required by all compassionate beings and adding to these cordial interaction, elimi nation, activity, social interaction, prevention of hazards and promotion of human functioning. 4. 2 The Profession of Nursing and Health. The idea that in that respect would be a professional eubstance of exclusively female nurses (Miss Nightingale believed women were inbred nurturers) was revolutionary in the last century. The exception was in psychiatric nursing, where mens physical strength was valued. This view is largely discounted today, of course. She was also passionate about the singularity of nursing, existing alongside only not incorporated into, other related disciplines, such as medicine. Adherence to signs, symptoms, surgery, medication and disease prevailed in this era of health care. 5 She was suspicious of new scientific thinking, which would turn nurses into medical women. 10 The training of young, more educated nurses in the new forward-moving schools like St. Thomas Hospital, included Florence Nightingales own concept of health hygiene, environment and car e. Her belief was that health was a state of wellness, desired by the patient and gained by using all spot available, to the fullest extent. 110 Miss Nightingale combined both health education with sick nursing in her teachings, a practice which is very much in evidence today. Hildegard Peplau, followed Florence Nightingale, in 1952, and pioneered a knowledge-based nursing practice, which included education and research distinguishing it from medicine-based health care. 1, 11 In 1987, Rosemarie Rizzo Parse echoed the have for nursing to move away from the medical model in order to evolve. 4. 3 Concept of Nursing and Statistical entropy Gathering In 1970, Martha Rogers took Miss Nightingales concept of nursing and redefined it as a constant human interaction with the environment. 5 She lauded Miss Nightingales ability to place the person deep down the framework of the natural world, by her vision of health and by back up this with statistical data. 1 Rosemarie Rizzo Parse was gr eatly influenced by Martha Rogers. She believed that, since Florence Nightingales time, nursing owed its existence to Man and Health. 1 4. 4 Nurse/ Patient voice and her Model of NursingFlorence Nightingale believed disease to go through a reparative process Her model of nursing reflected her belief that temperament would cure the patient by the actions of the nurses control on the environment, 12 the patients role was a passive one, with little or no say in the way in which he or she was treated by the health care team. Few would manage that nursing theories has taken a more holistic approach than was the case in Florence Nightingales time. A bequest of the Nightingale School is the military words use by Miss Nightingale from her time spent in army nursing.Phrases such as on handicraft, off duty and sick straggle are still in use today. 10 5. Conclusion Florence Nightingale axiom nurses as women who were not only professionals in their own right, (a revolutionary concept for puritanical England, when most women were subservient to male domination) but were to be instrumental in bringing about changes in order to improve the environment in its broadest sense. By this token, she was also the first health educator. Miss Nightingale presented her own empirical evidence i. e. based on her own experiences and observations, as established facts. She was a believer in research. Her gathering of statistical data was used to give credence to her hypotheses on her epidemiological studies. She laid the foundations for a recognised system of nurse training, not only in this country, but abroad. However, those nurse educators, who followed in Florence Nightingales footsteps in teaching young (and from an increasingly higher social class) women in the art of nursing, failed to differentiate between the goals and focalisation of nursing and of medicine. The medical model tended to leave out the patient as a human being. Furthermore, nursing creativity would be supp ressed (at least in the U. K. ) under a regimented, task-orientated regime until the early 1950s until the payoff of new nursing theorists, such as Peplau (1952), Henderson (1955) and Orem (1958). Some of Florence Nightingales practices and beliefs have been largely discontinued or discounted today, such as the pathology of dirt and dampness, her disregard to the root theory, and the fact that the patient was non-participative of his/her method of care. This neediness of holism was perhaps in retentiveness with her time. 1.Her vision of nurses as innovators for social health reform, continues to inspire us today. End of duty assignment REFERENCES 1. Marrinner-Tomey, A. (1994). Nursing Theorists and their Work. St. Louis, Missouri Mosby. 2 Dingwall, R. , Rafferty, A. M. , Webster, C. (1988). An existence to the Social History of Nursing. London Routledge 3 Baly, M. E. (Nov. 13. 1996). Different history for Nightingale illness, Letters.Nursing Standard, 8 (11) 10. Harrow , Middx. , R. C. N. Publishing Company. 4 Castledine, G. (1994). A definition of nursing based on nurturing, 3 (3) 134. British Journal of Nursing. 5 Meleis, A. I. (1985). Theoretical Nursing Development and Progress. pop J. B. Lippincott Company. 6 Fawcett, J. (1989). Analysis and evaluation of conceptual models of nursing. In A. Marrinner-Tomey (Ed). Nursing Theorists and their Work. St. Louis, Missouri Mosby. 7 Nightingale, F. (1992). Notes on Nursing.London Scutari Press. 8 Smith, J. P. (1989). Virginia Henderson The outset 90 years. London Scutari Press. 9 Pearson, A. , Vaughan, B. , Fitzgerald, A. (1991). Nursing Models for Practice. London Heiman 10 Baly, M. E. (1986). Florence Nightingale and the Nursing Legacy. New York Croon Helm. 11 Fitzpatrick, J. and Whall. A. (1983) abstract Models of Nursing. Prentice Hall Publishing Co. 12 Kershaw, B. and Salvage, J. (1994) Models for Nursing. Great Britain. John Wiley &038 Sons Ltd.