Racism in Literature Essay -- Literary Analysis

Literature AnalysisMost literature authors write stories on different genres like poems, stories, and plays. These works are written using a assortment of elements of literature for instance setting, themes, conflict, and characters. The following essay discusses the element of racism as a theme in Margaret Laurences short story The Loons, Langston Hughes poem, I Too, mouth the States, and W.E.B Du Bois book, The Souls of Black Folk. The Loons is a short story that was done by Margaret Laurence together with other stories in the sequence A bird in the House and was make in 1970. The story centers on the narrator and the main character Vanessa McLeod, a white girl and her youth days in a sham town known as Manawaka, Manitoba in Canada (Laurence, 2001). From Vanessas eyes, the audience is able to see the alienation and racism that Piquette Tonerre, a girl of Mtis blood faces in company. The story has been set just before Vanessas father passes on and it helps her to open her eyes and see the suffering, cultural alienation, and racial variation of the Mtis people a subgroup of the Canadian Aborigines. In the first part, Vanessa finds the Mtis to be people who do not fit in the society due to their unknown descent. Her grandmother describes the Mtis to be people of neither flesh, fowl nor good salt herring (Laurence, 2001). This statement describes the people who are French half-breeds and their language is neither French nor Cree. These people do not belong to the Creoles who live on the mountains and neither to the French. They are a people who society alienates and discriminates because they do not belong. Grandmother McLeod does not want anything to do with Piquette. At one point, the McLe... ...r ideals. Fredrick insisted on total assimilation through self assertion and nothing more. Du Bois argued that the inkiness could not progress if he is not educated, given freedom to vote, economically empowered and legal superiority (Du Bois, 1996). This book h ighlights the problem of racism in America in the 20th and 21st century. Du Bois set the pace for other black writers and civil rights activists like Dr Martin Luther King. This may not have been exactly out of the book, alone it was the best that I could come up with and still make everything work the way I wanted it too. ReferencesDu Bois, W.E.B. (1996). The Souls of Black Folk. New York Penguin Books. Langston H. (1932). The Dream Keeper and early(a) Poems. New York Knopf Publishers.Laurence, M (2001). The Loons. Literature An Introduction to Writing. New Jersey Prentice Hall, 2001.

The Evolution of the American Dream Essay -- Essays on the American Dr

Comparing the perspective of the Ameri notify dream in the 1920s to the American Dream in the 1940s and present day seems to be a repeating cycle. The American dream is always evolving and changing. The American dream for present day is similar to the dream of the 1920s. An exemplification of the American life is to conform to what our society has determined is success. Money, materialism and status had replaced the teachings of our nominateing fathers in the 1920s. A return to family values and hard work found its way back into Americans lives in the 1940s. The same pursuit of that indulgent lifestyle that was popular in the roaring twentys has returned immediately for most Americans, many Americans are living on credit and thinking that money and the accumulation of material items can solve all problems. Through film, literature, dodge and music, an idealized version of what it means to be an American has changed from money, materialism, and status of the 192 0s to hard work and family values of the forties. Money is the root of all evil(Levit). macrocosm and his love of money has destroyed lives since the beginning of time. Men have fought in wars over money, given up family relationships for money and done things they would have never purpose that they would be capable of doing because of money. In the movie, based on F. Scott Fitzgeralds novel, The Great Gatsby, the author demonstrates how the love and worship of money and all of the trappings that come with it can destroy lives. In the novel Jay Gatsby has lavish parties, wears expensive gaudy clothes, drives fancy cars and tries to show his former love how important and wealthy he has become. He believes a lie, that by achieving the status that most Americans, in th... ...the 1920s hopefully in the next decade we will repeat the American dream of the 1940s. Works Cited aint We Got Fun - Lyrics - International Lyrics Playground. International Lyrics Playground - Songs Fro m Europe, North America and Around The World. Foreign Language Lyrics, Christmas and Holiday Lyrics Web. 20 May 2010. .Applebee, Arthur N. The Language of Literature. Evanston, Ill. McDougal Littell, 2006. Print. impudent International Version. Bible Gateway. Web. 19 May 2010. Rockwall, Norman. Freedom From Want. About.com. Web. 19 May 2010. .The Great Gatsby. Dir. Jack Clayton. Perf. Robert Redford, Mia Farrow. Paramount Pictures, 1974. DVD.

A Rose for Emily Essay -- essays papers

A Rose for Emily Emily is a woman that has had a hard life. Her family made it so that she was held in high regard in the public eye. She was not suppose to encounter relationships that were below her stature. The town, being the antagonist, drives Emily to her insanity because they will not allow her to prolong a normal life. They liked the show they were watching a refused to give it up.The narrator explores how Emily is defined in her position in the town by her report and her father. People in our town, . . ., believed the Griersons held themselves a little too high for what they really were. (pg.83) Emilys father had been controlling during her early life and had stopped all suitors from visit her. we had all remembered all the young men her father had driven away, . . . Emily is forced to live in a house were her father will is paramount to her own. When he dies we understand this lose is almost to much for her to bear. Miss Emily met them at the door, dress ed as usual with no trace of grief on her face. She told them her father was not...

Africana Womanism: An Historical, Global Prespective for Women of African Descent :: essays research papers

Africana Womanism An Historical, Global Prespective for Women of African DescentAfricana Womanism An Historical, Global Perspective for Women of African Descent is an essay ground on Africana Womanism and how it compares to white feminism. The essay was written by Clenora Hudson-Weems, an African American writer and literary critic. She was born in Oxford, Mississippi and she was raised in Memphis, Tennessee. I will compare Africana Womanism and Feminism and discuss the definition of the two the topics. Also I will discuss the important historical figures that are charists. I destine the issue is important because the common misconception is that a charrist and a feminist are the same thing scarce they are totally different. A womanist is more family orientated and feminists are dealing with the chargement of themselves.Clenora Hudson-Weems wrote Africana Womanism An Historical, Global Perspective for Women of African Descent and it was about womanism. Another word for woman ism is feminism, and feminism is defined as the empowerment of woman. In the era of womens rights, women were not treated as equals, especially opaque women. Colored women could not get any equality or any empowerment unless they live in a community which they can establish their own racial and cultural integrity. White women and Africana both have the same amount of rights but white women had better accommodations as far as restrooms, water fountains, swimming pools, and everything else that is segregated. I think that Africana women were oppressed more than white women. I believe that black women should be treated just as equally as white women. Africana women are fighting for civil rights and womens rights. Africana women have been more concerned for the self-colored Africana community. Their main priority is race empowerment, with class and gender following(Weems, 80). Womanism was important in the Africana community because the Africana women was trying empower not just thems elves but empower the whole Africana community. For example, Harriet Tubman (Underground Railroad conductor), risked her life time and again in freeing Africana men, women, and children in slavery, thereby establishing her commitment to racial parity(Weems, 80). The crucial role of an Africana woman is that many Africana academicians accepted the idea of female empowerment so that the level of struggle or concerns of Africana women are noticeable. Many people think because a woman is a feminist, that she is oppressed with gender issues, but an Africana woman are traditionally family centered.

waves :: essays research papers

INERNATIONAL BACCALAUREATE SUBSIDIARY LEVELWAVES SUMMARY4.1 Travelling fly high characteristicsA medium is a material through which a shudder passes.When a wave passes, distributively part of the medium moves away from its form position and then returns. This is called an oscillation. Oscillations within the medium are slight movements either side of the normal position. The wave motion is the disturbance that passes through the medium. A wave pulse causes the medium to have one oscillation. A continuous travelling wave causes the medium to keep oscillating. Waves transfer energy without transporting matter because each part of the medium oscillates on the spot.A transverse pulse causes the spring to move at castigate angles to the circumspection of motion of the pulse.A longitudinal pulse causes the spring to move parallel to the direction of motion of the pulse.The direction of propagation is at right angles to the wavefront.The displacement at a point is how much the medium has been displaced from its normal position. Displacements are given + or - signs depending on the direction of the displacement. Amplitude is the largest distance from the normal position that the medium is displaced.The wavelength l of a wave is the distance from one point to the next corresponding point.The period T of a wave is the age in seconds that it takes one wavelength to pass by. In this time the medium will complete one oscillation. The frequency f of the wave is the number of wavelengths that pass each second.Frequency and period are reciprocals. T = 1/f.The stronghold of a wave is equal to its frequency times its wavelength.A displacement/position chart shows the displacement of the different sections of a medium.A displacement/time graph shows the displacement of one point of a medium as time elapses.The speed of the particles of a medium is a maximum when their displacement is zero.The speed of the particles of a medium is zero where the medium has maximum displa cement.For a longitudinal wave, the medium has a high pressure called a compression where particles are closer than normal.For a longitudinal wave, the medium has a low pressure called a rarefaction where particles are hike apart than normal.The particles around a compression move in the same direction as the wave.The particles around a rarefaction move in the opposite direction to the wave.The particles near a compression and rarefaction have small displacements.The particles where the pressure is normal, have large displacements.

lifes little traffic lights :: essays research papers

Lifes Little Traffic LightsI love it, life is so crazy. Ive always verbalise if it isnt going to bother me in three to five years, then Im not going to worry about it now, then I come across what I like to refer to as a traffic light you tell apart, those little situations and encounters that make you stop and reminisce about a time and place that you left behind so long ago, deep in the folds of your memory, and the sudden slap of reality that makes you stop and look around and stand for whats different?, whats changed?, and what path has brought me here? You see a traffic light is like a memory, better than a picture, its a feeling you get deep inside. A sudden sense of knowing exactly who you are and why, often times all in the depths of a genius moment. Still confused? Heres an exampleIts a fairly brisk day in January of 2002, brisk enough to turn my phase slightly purple in spots where Im scarred or bruised, I walk into the dry cleaners after a wretched work day, to pick up the pants that have been sitting there for about three weeks (I seem to have the memory of a gold seek and the attention span of a fruit fly). Of course Im in a big damn hurry even though I have no where in particular to be and nothing in my near future has been marked urgent (its just the sense of indispensableness that makes whatever it is that Im doing seem so much more important than what it really is) I encounter a motherly looking middle-aged Native American woman, who in just a smile seems kind and warm enough to pull me from myself and set me back into the reality of my objective. She doesnt know it but shes about to take me for my last $15, but damn I really want to wear those pants tonight. She looks up as she workforce me my receipt and very politely asks me with a wonderful note of concern in her voice your nose it looks bruised, did something happen to it?, having heard this question what seems like a thousand times during the winter months, I give her my standar d answer, oh, yes I broke it a couple of years ago, and the mark always shows when its cold away(p) wont it ever go away?

Newlywed Communication

Newlywed Communication Ashley Metz COM 200 Interpersonal Communication Instructor Tremika Pinckney celestial latitude 10, 2012 Newlywed Communication Being get married, similar being a p atomic number 18nt, is superstar of the most rewarding relationships that you foot tolerate in life. However, date being married to your best friend plunder be pure bliss, learning how to communicate and keep lines of converse open throughout your relationship can be tough. Something more or less having the same last name takes your once perfect dating relationship to a sea of mis assureings and disagreements.As a newlywed myself, I can relate on these difficult cadences that occur during the first few months and even the first few years of marriage. There are certain principles you can follow to choose effective communication, listening skills that you can learn, father an understanding of non-verbal communication, and realize how self- plan, and self-disclosure, can whole play a vital role in your communication indoors your marriage.While communication has occurred since the dawn of time, becoming an effective communicator really does take some skill and understanding of how interpersonal communication works. Understanding these concepts and skills, go out serve staggeringly in those non so blissful points of marriage. To become a more effective communicator, scholars would most likely agree that five specific aspects of interpersonal communication are crucial areas of focus (Sole, 2011). These 5 skills are listening skills, people skills, emotional intelligence, appropriate skill selection, and communicating ethically.I am sure count oning at this list you can pick out which of these skills you appreciate you possess over another(prenominal), exactly the key to interpersonal communication is honing in all of these skills and using them unneurotic and at the appropriate times. Now let us break distri plainlyively of these skills down and concentrate on the key concepts of each skill. earreach, this is more than provided computable waves bouncing through our ear canal, to be in affective listener requires focus and attention (Sole, 2011). A lot of people hear without in truth listening.I endure that there have been galore(postnominal) times that my husband and I were having a discussion and I could hear what he was saying, souseding I knew he was verbalise of the town and I could hear the words that were coming out of his mouth, but I was not listening to what he was actually saying. Once I stopped and actually listened to what he had to say, we were able to resolve the conflict we were having. People skills, also plays a role in communication, however people skills is a collaborative determination of many different skills like bother solving and appropriate self-disclosure.Emotional intelligence is probably the easiest to understand but the hardest to apply in interpersonal communication, for me at least. To be emotiona lly intelligent is to understand how and when to express certain emotions in given situations. For me, I am very passionate about most things in my life, and when I have an idea or thought, or even problem, I want to get it out in the open as fast as possible. When someone does not agree with me, is upset with me, or even does agree with me, you can see my emotions in my face, hear them in my voice, and can tell by my overall attitude.While in my working relationships this sometimes has posed a problem, I believe in a marriage it is very important to share your emotions with each other, and keeping in mind of the emotions of one another. In a marriage I believe to be emotionally intelligent means to have the ability to express how you experience about something to your spouse, as well as being able to relate to the emotions of your spouse. Appropriate skill selection means that you can recognize a problem in communication and then affectively solving the problem.Finally, communicat ing ethically, varies in meaning from person to person, as one persons set of ethics may not be the same as another persons, however in general to communicate ethically means to keep your own ethics, morals, values, and beliefs in mind while communicating. Speak with a purpose, and let your ethics guide you in not only what you convey when you speak but how you convey it as well. In a relationship it is easy to point out what the other person is doing wrong and how he or she fails to communicate.It is important to take a look inward and realize how you can grow and realize what you can work on too, in order to increase effective communication in your relationship. This may be a hard pill to sw stomach, but you are not perfect, and realizing that, accepting it, and admitting to imperfection will strongly help any relationship. I think that everyone could agree that listening is equally important, if not more important, as talking. Realizing when we are hearing conversation rather t han listening to a conversation will help make the messenger retrieve like you the receiver not only understands what they are saying, but cares about what is being said. I know as a woman, when I feel like my husband is tuning me out, it hurts and I take it much more personal, than if he were listening to me and then not saying anything. Listening involves hearing, but it is much more than just the physiological act of your ears perceiving a sound and transmitting the auditory sensation to your brain.Listening is a complex psychological offset that can be defined as the process of physically hearing, interpreting that sound, and understanding the significance of it (Sole, 2011). There are many aspects of being a good listener which we all start to learn in the early years of education, but as adults we tend to tune out, those that boar us or that we feel is unimportant. The first of the many characteristics of being a good listener is a motivation or willingness to listen. You ha ve to make a conscious decision that you are going to listen to the speaker, with an open mind and an eagerness to hear what he has to say.I know this sounds completely cliche but you need to make a strong environment for your spouse so they not only want to talk to you but they feel that they can talk to you and be heard. This was a big concept that both my husband and I had to learn in the first few months of our marriage, and quite frankly, it is something that we are still working on. My husband is a quiet person, and he does not let a lot of things get under his skin. When something does start to bother him he tends to hold it in, and then all at once, it is like a bomb went off and he explodes.For me, it made it hard to talk to him about anything, because he did not want to talk about it or did not have much of an opinion on the subject. When I would ask if something was bugging him, he would say nothing until that bomb went off. Because of this ticking time bomb that I felt would go off at any moment it made it very hard for me to come to my husband when I had something I wanted to talk about. So while he was not making a safe environment for me to come and talk to him, I in turn, was not making a safe environment for him either. He felt like when we did talk, I was not actually listening to him, and only wanted things my way.I was not allowing him to feel like he could come and talk to me, so he did not do so. Once we got this out on the table, it made our communication much more effective. Crossing your arms, rolling your eyes, tapping your foot, these are all ways that we can communicate with other people without words even coming out of our mouths. We send off a vibe through our personify language that can let a person know how we are feeling without saying anything, or a person can misunderstand a vibe that you may not be giving off, but because you are unaware of your body language you do not realize it. Research shows that 55% of communication is conveyed by the body language we use, that is use of eye contact, gestures, and facial expressions. 38% is conveyed through voice, its quality, use of tone, and inflections. Only 7% is conveyed in the words we use (Makodia, 2009, p. 6). When the first few issues arose in my marriage, we would try and have a conversation to work these issues out. My husband is not one to convey his feelings very well verbally. To be honest, it is much easier to talk about things with him via email or even text message.When we would talk with each other he was the king of just blankly everlasting(a) at me with his arms crossed, while I was speaking. This infuriated me. It made it impossible to talk to him and I would end the conversation and nothing would get solved. As you can see, sometimes it is not even what you say, not how you say it, but the way you use your hands, your face, your entire body to convey a message. A simple smiling can take a conversation from stagnant and cold, to warm and understanding.When talking out a disagreement, try smiling and talking about it, that alone can turn the entire vibe of the relationship and you may get further than using cold gestures, like crossed hands or a mean scowl. Going back to what I stated before about creating a safe environment for your spouse is key to having effective communication. When you have a crude body language, you can make yourself come across unapproachable where as if you keep your body language carefree, it can make it easier for your significant other to loan up a situation.In understanding communication, and how your spouse communicates with you, you must understand yourself and why you are the way you are. For example, growing up I was always getting in trouble for my siblings mistakes. As the oldest child I picked up the heat for almost everything. Now as an adult, I can come off very funky if someone accuses me of something I felt that I did not do. When I could understand there was a reason for m e getting on the defense it helped my husband understand how to approach topics that I might react in a negative way about. Self-concept is comprised of relatively permanent self-assessments, such as personality attributes, knowledge of ones skills and abilities, ones occupation and hobbies, and awareness of ones physical attributes. (Sinha, 2009, p. 2) Being aware of ones self not only will help in learning and grasping the concepts of interpersonal communication, it will also help you understand why it is that you communicate the way you do and allow you to let your spouse know why you are the way you are.As I stated before, once the title of your relationship changes from engaged to married, it seems that things may change drastically. sustentation together creates a whole different slew of problems. Having children creates another chapter of problems. Life happens, and it is only natural that you and your spouse are going to disagree on these subjects, but knowing how to overc ome disagreements, and how to convey your point in an effective way, makes all the difference. As humans we grow, change, evolve every day.Our interests change, our hobbies vary, and if you are anything like me, you have a new favorite color every season. When a couple first starts dating the best ways they start to understand and get to know each other is by self-disclosure. Self-disclosure is asking and answering questions like What is your favorite movie? , Where do you see yourself in 2 years, 5 years, 10 years? . Questions like this help one another learn, understand, and is a big part of communication in a relationship no matter how new or how old. caliber communication is defined somewhat differently from study to study, but research consistently has shown a link between happy marriages and self-disclosure, or sharing your individual(a) feelings, fears, doubts and perceptions with your partner (Schoenberg, 2011). I have a running list of questions that I keep in the notes section of my phone. Every so often I go through the list and ask my husband a few questions. This is either face to face, via text or email, or sometimes I ask in a letter that I write to him which I will slip into his lunch. It is not once a week or even once a month.Just when I think about it, or once a year, we talk about our goals that we would like to accomplish for the year and how we can reach these goals. This year or goals are to put at least $5000 into savings, and pay off all of our credit card debt. Keeping in mind that we are ever-changing as humans, setting up a time where we ask our spouse these self-disclosure, types of questions, can greatly impact the quality of communication in your relationship as a whole. Focusing on quality rather than quantity of communication can aid in each others understanding of one another and how to effectively communicate.My husband is a Recruit Division Commander, which in not so many words means he is a Navy burster camp drill serge ant. This means that he is working from anywhere from 4am to 10pm, 7 days a week, for at least 13 weeks at a time. I have a full time job working 8am until 5pm and then come home to take care of our 1 year old. By the time 1030 rolls around and he walks through the front door we are both tired and ready for bed, but we make it a point to take 15 minutes, and unload about our days. These 15 minutes gives us enough time to connect with each other and get the important stuff out in the open.Now 15 minutes a day does not seem like a lot of time but it is the quality of our conversation that keeps us strong. This is what I mean about quality over quantity. The elements that create effective communication, listening, non-verbal communication, self-concept, and self-disclosure are all part of becoming an effective communicator in any interpersonal relationship, but especially with your spouse. Understanding these concepts will help you not only know yourself and how to improve your own com munication skills but also understand your spouse and how they communicate.It will not always be a cake walk, but when applying the skills I have outlined, it can get better. Communication is key, when life starts getting in the way, just 15 minutes of quality communication every day can go a long way. References Makodia, V. V. (2009). Role of Body Language in Communication. Jaipur, IND heaven Publishers. Sinha, D. S. (2009). Personal Growth and Training and Development. Lucknow, IND Word-press. Sole, K. (2011). Making connections Understanding interpersonal communication. San Diego, CA Bridgepoint Education, Inc.

Juvenile Detainees Essay

Criminal Justice and the fresh justice systems be almost the same but are different. When corrections officials have to deal with young detainees, such a situation needs to be dealt with care. In identifying such situations, we will look at child development, penalization and deterrence. Juvenile detention officers work with incarcerated youth. Although juvenile detention officers deal with many of the same realities as other corrections officers, juvenile detention officers have the fortune to assist young offenders in their attempts to be reconstructd into responsible adults. In a sense a Juvenile detention officer is the perfect blend of a jailer and social worker. While the Juvenile detention officers must be alert and tough enough to work with young criminals, he or she must also be committed to helping troubled youngsters change their life.Since Juvenile detention officers work with youth, they have to see to it that young offenders become all the serve they need and that they are meeting their legal and therapeutic obligations. As such, Juvenile detention officers are responsible for making sure that inmates arrive on prison term to ap headerments within their facility and outside of it. According to the Florida Department of Juvenile Justice, a juvenile detention officer, Prepares detained youth for court appearances, transports and escorts detained youth to medical, criminal justice, social go and judicial facilities as needed according to departmental and facility policy and procedures. Of course, this implies keeping track of incarcerated youth and not letting them flee.Aside from insuring that juvenile offenders receive puritanical care and keep appointments, juvenile detention officers teach wayward youth how to function in society by acting as models of proper adult behavior. For instance, juvenile detention officers in Kitsap County, Washington are expected to Assist juveniles in cultivating appropriate social, behavioral, and inter personal skills and attitudes useful in community nourishment lead recreational activities and give instruction in games. Juvenile detention officers may also lead the youngsters in cleaning and maintenance activities in browse to model good hygiene and to demonstrate proper adult housekeeping habits.Although there is an emphasis on rehabilitation and inmate care in juvenile correctional facilities, juvenile detention officers are subject to the hazards of working in a locked facility with young criminals. In addition to rehabilitation and treatment colligate activities, juvenile detention officers may have duties similar to those of any other corrections officer. The Bureau of Labor Statistics notes that the duties of detention officers include searching for contraband, weapons and drugs, resolving conflicts amid inmates, and enforcing discipline. This means monitoring vehicles and packages coming in and out of locked facilities as well as frequent personal and room inspections . Juvenile detention officers are, of course, responsible for intimate the whereabouts of all inmates and preventing them from leaving the locked facility.Laws we have regulated the way we have set up punishment for juveniles. The punishments we have in tact usually serve to rehabilitate the juvenile to do better in the future. Our righteousnesss have extended that to sealing juvenile records for the sake of protection. Juvenile hatred and punishments can be different from the types of punishments that are ordered in adult criminal cases. The first court established expressly for juveniles was built in Chicago in 1899 to address the issue of juvenile crime and punishments. Juvenile crime and punishments peaked in 1994. The 1990s saw a swell of public scrutiny over the perceived juvenile crime epidemic. In an effort to crack down on juvenile crime and punishments, many state legislatures have adopted harsher laws regarding juvenile crimes.In my opinion, the best two ways to preve nt juvenile crime is strengthening families and schooling. In American Samoa, a block grant was introduced and tested from 2002 to 2004. This block grant was for Preventing Substance villainy targeting the families and children. The idea behind the program was to seek if a problem existed, what the effects of substance abuse and how it can be fixed. The interesting factor and I hypothesise the most important was how the Samoan family evolved from closely knit and knowing every aspect of their childrens whereabouts to children becoming simple renters in the parents homes. dour story short, American Samoa was awarded funding for 10 years or so long as the program is needed. The theme of the program was strengthening families. I weigh that it is an important part in any peerlesss life.Sociologists believe that ones environment affects ones way of life. However, in some luckless cases, not everyone has the chance to grow up with a traditional family. The idea is, ones family shoul d be the biggest and the most important supporters in their lives. We define our familes different, whether it is a mother, a father, brother, sister, grandparent or even your best friends family. The point is having the sense of strength in ones home is important to ones success or failure.Strengthening families can be accomplished by offering help to those that need it through information and education. Which leads to my second point is education. Juveniles feel lost as do most of us that dont know what to do or which direction to head to. Through education we get an idea of where we would like to go in our lives. Some juveniles do not have access or do not see the vastness of education until there is support, programs, and resources available to them. We promote education through the media and all sorts of things, but are we really making it available for everyone? My mother in law always tells us, children are like cameras, they take images of everything around them. The produc t of these images are the problems we face today.ReferenceSeiter, R. (2011). Corrections An introduction (3rd ed.). Saddle River, NJ Pearson Education, Inc

A Country Doctor A Story By Franz Kafka History Essay

/A state atomic number 101 is a narrative by Franz Kafka implying take exceptions and defeats a state doc had to confront in an effort to save the wellness of a tolerant stat mis off.He starts out on a tour to pander the wellness of an indisposed tolerant besides it was nt a smooth seafaring.He had to convey above of all timey challenge that came his manner.The physician was form for his move that seemed long and boring, and in his company was a pretty miss ( his retainer miss ) with whom they had to go.The physician had to get in clip at his finish at least to salvage the state of affairs at manus but the ways and agencies of making his finish proved futile. His ain genus Equus caballus had died the old dark, and the servant miss had to make pass all round the small townsfolks muckle availing all the resources but all was in vain. No 1 in the small town was ordain to work a Equus caballus at that clip of the twenty-four hours and for such a long and boring journey. The physician was frustrated at the bend of events, he and stood at that place open, gazing in to the empty infinite unable to travel as snow gathered upon him doing him weak.He did nt give up yet for he knew ever there would be light at the terminal of the tunnel.The servant miss ( move ) was there standing at the gateway beckoning a lantern.He strode through the court pace once more, but he could nt see any manner out of the tribunal in defeat and confusion he kicked at the aged(a) door of the pigpen and the door opened broad.A crisp odor of Equus caballuss me the physicians nose.A dim stable lantern swang from a rope in the room.A adult anthropoid asymmetrical on his buttocks appeared with a curious expression on his face.He crawled out of the little room but within a split of a second he was back, with two good reinforced Equus caballuss.The physician ordered the servant miss to impart a manus to the adult male and she did with harness.Everything seemed ready and every 1 was ready for the long journey.The habilitate insisted on driving the remainder but his determination was turned down by the physician claiming the groom was a extraneous and they had hardly known each other, allow entirely non cognizing the terrain. A crisp statement emerged between the state physician and the groom.The groom had to retreat himself out of the journey and insisted to remain behind with physicians servant miss.What a blow to the state physician. He had to cover with this challenge and besides get down on his journey that seemed inevitable.Although the physician was frustrated but he came to believe of it.The adult male was a alien who came in to the physicians life and offered a shoulder to tilt on when everyone else had failed him. How was he to go forth behind his servant miss with the alien? The groom clapped his custodies a mark of going to the gig, and so it was, they left in a lighten velocity.The physician arrived at his uncomplainings farmyard late that d ark when the Moon was high above the sky. He met a instead baffled household members whose faces glittered with hope at the peck of the state physician. The sort of response the physician received sent some message that he was late for his assignment. The whole small town had cast their hopes on the state physician to salvage their ailing boy, whose wellness seemed to acquire worse twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours, the air was stuffy although the physician went directly and examined his patient. The patient was weak and his wellness unpromising- but he wrapped his weaponries round the physician s cervix, as a mark of licking by the hurting. The physician had one challenge in head, that he was to safe the wellness of the patient no affair what for the whole household had pressed trust on him. But accept of Rose and how he was to deliver her from the custodies of the alien made him ill, how could he salvage her and yet he was stat mis off? He thought he had better kaput(p) ba ck and salvage his servant miss from the custodies of the groomed alien.The Equus caballuss looked set for the return journey but the physician had allowed the patient s sister to acquire away his fur coat, intending he was get downing to present his services to the patient. An old adult male from he household handed over a glass of rum to the physician and patted him on the shoulder, as a mark of friendly relationship and hopes that all was traveling to be good with the patient but the physician was non amused by the act, alternatively he felt defeated and defeated. This meant the whole household expected nil less than the best from him, what a challenge it was he was the territory physician and ever delivered his services to a point he realized it was beyond the bound but tranquilize he was under paying(a). Rose was still in his head non to reference of the patient who was in a serious status every bit good. His Equus caballus had died last dark but no 1 was at that place to por tion his torment. He was frustrated.The size of the lesion on the right side of the physician s patient and the status of the patient startled the physician, he knew the male child was non traveling to retrieve shortly or subsequently but still he had to reconstruct hopes in the faces of the male child s household who stood around the patient s bed this meant the physician experience that much was expected from him even though the patient s position was non traveling to better the male child demanded a re-assurance from the physician that he would be good and up on his pess. The whole small town had lost organized religion in the physician due to the long hours he had spent on their patient and nil was forthcoming they came in great experience and stripped the physician s apparels for the cheapjack work the physician had done. The physician was frustrated by this undignified act the villagers and counterpart who had ab initio lost religion and assurance in him as if this was non a dequate letdown the physicians made him put following to his patient stripped off.This was a challenge to he sophisticate for the physician had to lift above by happening a manner out he had to lure his patient by sweet words, words of hope that all would be good with him and shortly he would be up and about, the patient succumbed to the physician s sweet words and genuinely believed he would retrieve in a fortnight holding played his cards right the physician rapidly collected his properties and off he went on a return journey where he could deliver the life of his servant girl- Rose- from the custodies of a groom alienThe whole narrative state physician might be considered a incubus for a figure of grounds before he embarks on his journey, the state physician had to cover with quite a figure of challenges that came his manner. His Equus caballus had died the old dark and the villagers were non willing to take him any of although the servant miss had gone round the small town loo king for one in vain this seemed to be a incubus owing to the fact that his journey demanded pressing handiness of resources, when the physicians looks like he is saved by the groom who willingly gives him a brace of Equus caballuss still much is expected from the physician by the groom i.e. He had to give out his servant miss to the groom for the good workss he had done, traveling his journey without his servant miss was more of a incubus to the physician.The incident at the patients farmyard remained a incubus to the physician.Subject of fraud is good brought out by Frank Kafka.The groom betrays the physician by worsening to attach to him in his journey stat mis off and alternatively remained behind with the physicians servant girl.Although he had helped the physician out of his quandaries but treachery was nt a good thing from him.On the other manus the physician seems to be frustrated by being misused by the territory, he is ill paid but expected to put to death his services t o a point where he feels its beyond bound.Franz Kafka ridicules the manner relationships are handled in the society, the groom, although he was a alien, he had a clean bosom that saw the physician embark on his journey stat mis off. He plays the nice cat and finally saves the physician.Franz Kafka compares this virtuousness to the undignified purpose of the villagers.They are so average and excessively demanding they expect a batch from the physician yet no 1 was willing to impart a Equus caballus to the physician when he needed 1. This suggests that relationship strings are loose and everyone is separated from the other, there should be a cohesive relationship within the people that stay together. Depriving the physician off his clothe by the villagers is a symbol of discourtesy from the villagers led by the small town elders.Elders of the small town should be on the fore-front in seeking to learn good ethical motives amongst the villagers but alternatively they lead by bad illu stration.Moral decay is apparent.Poverty has taken chime of the whole small town in that territory therefore the writer brings out the subject of poorness. Other than the Equus caballuss, no other agencies of conveyance was visible(prenominal) for the state physician. He spends a batch of clip availing assorted resources and ends up defeated, he reached his finish safely, thanks to the groom for his kindness.The sort of life style experience in the small town by the physician is a cogent evidence of poorness the ill room was airless and a danger to the patient.The physician had lost religion in his ain profession by stating he had delivered more than plenty of his services but he was ill paid, this means that he barely met his fundamental demands.Although the writer concentrated strictly on the subject of treachery but besides had some facets of the subject of rousing.The villagers looked barbarian and lack basic instruction, when the physician nods his caput as a mark of lickin g, no 1 amongst the villagers could read the marks or state either, if they had known the marks the better.They did nt give the physician ample clip to analyze the patient but alternatively went a caput and humiliated the physician in forepart of the whole small town had they known to be patient and take affairs with wisdom and non bitterness.Last the writer brings out misrepresentation as a subject that runs through the narrative. He ( the physician ) is deceived by the groom who subsequently took over his servant miss. The physician besides uses misrepresentation to salvage his ain life from the custodies of the wicked villagers. He deceives his patient and got his manner out of the small town.He besides goes a caput and deceives the whole small town that he could mend the patient although he knew it was a toilsome nut to check.

Friabililty Test of Mefenamic Acid Tablets

One of the testing criteria of mechanical strength of tablets tablet friability testing. Tablets must be able to withstand mechanical stresses during their manufacturing, distribution and handling by the end-user. During the process of coating, transportation, packing and processing tablet, tablet will lose some(a) thinkt down. Because of that, the friability test is performed in the pharmaceutical industry to test the tendency of a tablet breaking into smaller pieces during transit.It includes repeatedly dropping a ingest of tablets over a fixed time by using friability tester and then checking whether any tablets are broken, and calculate the percentage of loss weight of tablets. A good compressed tablet should not loss more than 1% of its weight. Based on this audition, after the operation ended, the weight loss of tablets is 0. 0395g which is resembling to 0. 68% loss from its weight. This means, those tablets are good quality and strong tablets which then can endure the str esses.There are maybe some error during handling the experiment that can lead to incorrect results. After operation ended, the tablets are not fully cleaned from dust which is affect the result. When finished, the samples have to be de-dusted first before weigh again. CONCLUSION The percentage loss of weight of samples is 0. 68%. The samples are good quality tablets because the percentage loss of weight are not more than 1%. 1. http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Friability 2. http//www. anabiotec. com/testing/detail/hardness-friability-disintegration

The Economic Factors Affecting Poverty

Poverty is a major problem in the United States today. This mind map includes the categories of individual behavior, social factors, economic factors, political factors, and cultural factors atomic number 18 all contributing forces that causes poverty.For economic factors, low wages would be the variable that would top to poverty. Families that receive low wages would still support their living expenses. Thus they would not have enough money for programs that would aid their childrens education. Some families think that crime has better incentives than working a low paying job and thus crime could be put in as an economic factor that leads to poverty.Not having enough money for programs equivalent education leads to the individual behavior of illiteracy and lower education, since the parents cannot afford to send their children to upper level education. And if these children know that they have no future in higher(prenominal) education, they allow not have the motivation to do well in school and thus dropping out of school. In turn this will lead to having low self-esteem because they know that they will basically be stuck in poverty for the rest of their lives. This will eventually lead to substance abuse because they unavoidableness something to overcome their high levels of stress that is produced by low self-esteem. In turn substance abuse could lead to sickness and disease, and then could possibly lead to cordial illness. Once this happens, individual behavior will cause families to be in poverty.For social factors, discrimination would be the variable that causes poverty. Racial discrimination from an employer could lead for that somebody to not receive a higher paying job, in which could lead to violence from the potential employee towards the employer. In turn a crime could be attached in revolt of the employer. Thus the social factor of violence interconnects with the economic factor of crime. Also racial discrimination could lead to instituti onal discrimination. Thus this will lead to insufficient schools in which teachers are told to split up a class and place each student in a designated group depending on their race and the teachers assumptions of the students learning ability from their social classifications.For cultural factors, biased IQ test would be incorporated to substandard schools. These tests measure a students school achievement. And if there are substandard schools, the students who are placed into the higher groups, the will do better than those who are placed in a lower group. And thus these IQ tests would lead to the deficiency theory, which suggests that the poor are poor because they do not measure up to the more well to do in intellectual endowment. Also the social factor of racial discrimination is interconnected to the cultural factor of minority race. Those who are the minority, the main culture will produce basic assumptions about minoritys abilities to be successful or well to do.For politica l factors, meritocracy would be interconnected to minority race. Meritocracy basically is the social classification by ability. Thus the assumptions produced will the levels of ability. The power elite produces meritocracy. These are the people who believe that the fundamental assumption of capitalism is individual gain without regard for what the resulting behaviors may mean for other people, especially those in poverty. Also the poor are not significantly counted in the US Census, so the government is misinformed on the levels of poverty.

Nursing Philosophy Essay

Introduction Philosophy originates with the Greek word philosophia, which translates as the have it away of wisdom. Philosophers are engaged in inquiry concerning the search for truth, the nature of universe and the meaning of valet be intimate. Welch& Polifroni(1999). The aim of this paper is to compare and contrast the philosophic paradigms of Realism, Antirealism, Phenomenology , Postmodernism. To relate the Empiricism, Positivism, Historicism, and Relativism to the nature of scientific truth. Moreover, to discuss the importee of truth for breast feeding as a profession and as a recognition.The various paradigms are characterized by ontological, epistemological and methodological differences in their approaches to conceptualizing and conducting research, and in their contribution towards disciplinary experience construction. Weaver, and Olson. (2006). Table 1 illustrate theses differences between these philosophical paradigms. Realism and Antirealism Realism has an ontology which states that the structures creating the creative activity cannot be directly observed.Its epistemology is that appearances do not necessarily reveal the mechanisms which cause these appearances, and its methodology whenceinvolves the construction of theories which can account for these appearances. Wainwright,S. ( 1997). Realism, in the Aristotelian, holds that things and individuals have universe independent of human thought and that this extra-mental demesne is intelligible and forms a basis for evaluating propositions about the world.Whelton,B. (2002) 2 Philosophy course First Assignment Positivism collapses the world into a single plane of events. In contrast, realism recovers the ontological depth between the three stratified domains and thereby establishes relations of native necessity rather than the relations of logical necessity(universality). Wainwright,S. ( 1997). Relevance of Realism to nurse Realism proposes a common ontology and epistemology for the natur al and social eruditions.Realism enables the traditional natural and social science division in subjects like geography, psychology, medicine and nursing to be bridged. Realism can therefore provide ontological and epistemological basis for nursing. Wainwrigh( 1997). On the other hand, the interest her in the causal and epistemological ingredients of scientific realism because they support the claim that explanations are important in nursing scienceand coiffe and that the aim of scientist is to discover better and better explanations. Gortner, and Schumacher,(1992).Relevance of Antirealism to breast feeding It the positivist antirealism that make their views inappropriate for nursing science. It is not possible in positivism to broadcast with subjective aspects of person, nor with perceived relational processes, nor with explanations without translating them into physiological states or behaviors. star of the most serious consequences of an antilrealist construction of theories is that theories cannot explain.One of the major distinctionbetween scientific realism and antirealism is the way in which theoretical entities are understood. In the language of scientific realism the term theoretical entities usually means unobservable entities, states, or processes. The antirealists get across the existence of 3 Philosophy course First Assignment unobservable entities or process. Antirealist assert that the notion of truth or inconstancy is relevant to remark even though it is not relevant to theory. Gortner, and Schumacher,(1992).Phenomenology For Edmund Husserl, phenomenology is the reflective study of the essence ofconsciousness as experienced from the first-person point of view Phenomenology, founded by Edmund Husserl, promotes the idea that the natural world is largely shaped by the human mind. Wikipedia, (2007). Phenomenology is philosophical movement whose primary objective is the direct investigation and description of phenomena as consciously experie nced. It corpse different from and in opposition to positivism because it is a theoretical, non causal, and attempts to be devoid of supposition. Welch(1999) P243).Postmodernism The essence of truth lies within the individual and the individual may change orlater alter that view dependent on the context and the circumstances. Thus, the postmodern worldview is that truth neither singular nor multiple it is personal and highly individualized and contextually driven. Welch & Polifoni (1999)p-58) The Significance of Truth for breast feeding as a Profession and as a Science. Science, philosophy and philosophy of science are all topics of great significance to nursingthe need to examine issues of what it means to know, what truth is, how we know and what can be learned from science and philosophy is central to growth in the 4 Philosophy course First Assignmentdiscipline.Simultaneously, it is imperative that nurse scholars gain understanding of the divers scientific and philosophic tradit ions that have influenced the development of nursing knowledge in methodicalness to develop and enhance our science, our discipline and our profession. . Welch and Polifroni (1999(p-1)) Philosophy of science in nursing seeks to understand truth, to examine prediction, causality and law, to critically relate theories, models and scientific systems. Theses goals are accomplished through the methods of philosophic inquiry of reflection and dialogue. Welch& Polifroni(1999(p-5)).In order to understand what truth is, Welch& Polifroni(1999) discussed the pedigrees of truth ( Intuition, Authority, Tradition, Common Sense and Science)as well as the theories of truth such as correspondence theory coherence theory pragmatic theory semantic and performative theory. These theories gave different interpretations for truth, for instance, correspondence theory suggests that truth is cogitate to and correspond with reality, the truth is achieved through perceptions of the world, on the other hand for coherence theory, the truth is true if it is coherent while for the pragmatic theory thetruth is comparative and related to the practicality and workableness of a solution.According to Newman, Sime and Corcoran-Perry(1991) Nursing is the study of caring in the human health experiencenursing body of knowledge includes caring and human health experience. A body of knowledge that does not include caring and human health experience is not nursing knowledge. . Truth can be achieved through knowing principles and causes of the natural kind behind phenomena. It is proposed that humans are the natural kind behind nursing phenomena.Thus, human nature provides proper principles (the truth) of nursing 5Philosophy course First Assignment practice. It is proposed that it is knowledge of human nature that provides principles of human action, and thus human nature is a source of practical truth in nursing. Whelton . (2002). The realist ontological position assumes that an objective world exi sts independently of our knowledge, beliefs , theories or descriptions about it.This reality exists whether or not we can experience it or have conceptions of its nature. In contrast, several nonrealist positions have also been advanced, incorporating a wide variety of philosophical views pertaining to truth. These positions reject ontological and/orepistemological realism, and therefore truth cannot be related to an external reality . Lomborg and Kirkevold (2003).However, Gortner and Schumacher (1992 )stated that Nursing scholars can explore scientific realism for the insights it may provide for nursing science . Moreover, Gortner and Schumacher (1992) proposed that scientific realism is relevant to nursing science in the following ways (1) It supports the full range of nursing theory (2) It affirms the importance of including subjective client states in nursing theory and refutes the claim of the positivists that if it is not observable, it doesnot exist. (3) It adds the idea of the substantive content of explanations to discussion about forms of explanation(4) It includes the notion of truth as a regulative ideal in science and claims that better theories are theories that are closer to the truth. 6 Philosophy course First Assignment plug in the Empiricism, Positivism, Historicism, and Relativism to the nature of scientific truth Positivism Positivist approaches are founded on an ontology that the things we experience are things that exist.Its epistemology requires that this experience is verified through thedeductive methodology of the scientific method Wainwright,S. ( 1997). The positivistic philosophy of science will for example argue that scientific knowledge is objective and should be verified accordingly. Nyatanga(2005). The Relevance of Positivism to Nursing It the positivist antirealism that make their views inappropriate for nursing science. It is not possible in positivism to deal with subjective aspects of person, nor with perceived relational processes, nor with explanations without translating them into physiological states or behaviors.One of the most serious consequences of an antilrealistconstruction of theories is that theories cannot explain. Gortner, and Schumacher, (1992). EMPIRICISM Empiricism in its classical sense was a philosophical doctrine that considered observation to be the foundation of knowledge. Gortner and Schumacher(1992). contemporaneous sensationalism is a paradigm that has the ability to facilitate the application of the scientific facts learned from empirical methods within the appropriate context by taking interpretative knowledge into accountIt thus seems apparent that a broader view of scientific knowledge is required, and this is where contemporary views of 7Philosophy course First Assignment sensationalism are more applicable to the practice of nursing. However, before reviewing the basic tenets of contemporary empiricism, there is a need to provide an overview of interpretive methods and their ability to provide a context or structure for the use of empirical knowledge.Pluralism supports the assumption of contemporary empiricism that human responses can be identified, measured and understood even considering their labyrinthian nature. Therefore, an important part of nursing knowledge acquisition includes a synthesis of the data in order to better understand thesynergistic effects of the whole, which cannot be learned simply by studying its parts. Traditional empiricism provides a basis for the study of certain types of knowledge that have made important contributions to the science of nursing. Giuliano,K. ( 2003)The strength of contemporary empiricism is that it values traditional empirical knowledge but takes interpretive knowledge into account in order to provide a context for the appropriate application of that knowledge. The pluralistic nature of contemporary empiricism gives it the ability to bridge the gap between the facts of scientificknowledge and the use of scientific knowledge in order to facilitate the application of all types of nursing knowledge. Giuliano,K. ( 2003).HISTORICISM The main protagonist of historicism is Kuhn. He was dismayed to find that traditional accounts of the philosophy of science bore no comparison with historical 8 Philosophy course First Assignment evidence. He then set out to establish a theory of the philosophy of science in keeping with historical evidence as he saw it (hence the term historicism). Nyatanga (2005). Relativism Epistemological relativism view of truth and falsity in general are relative.An epistemological relativist denies that anything at all can be known with certainty. According to hard core epistemological relativism, everything is a numerate of opinion, including science. In this view of truth, nursing science has much knowledge that is derived from opinion and personal experience and consequently it is relative knowledge. Summary The importance and significance of the philosophi cal world views of realism, antirealism, phenomenology , postmodernism, positivism, empiricism, relativism and historicism for nursing science and profession were explored in this paper.However, thisarea need more detailed exploration through our philosophy course in order to understand the similarities and differences between these philosophical worldviews and how we can integrate this knowledge in our practice and education. 9 Philosophy course First Assignment References Giuliano,K. (2003). Expanding the use of empiricism in nursing can we bridge the gap between knowledge and clinical practice? Nursing Philosophy. 2003,4, pp. 4452. Gortner,S. and Schumacher,K. (1992). (Mis)conception and Reconceptions about Traditional Science. Advances in Nursing Science, 1992, 14(4)1-11 Lomborg,K. and Kirkevold,M.(2003).Truth and validity in grounded theory a reconsidered realist interpretation of the criteria fit, work, relevance and modifiability. Nursing Philosophy, 2003,4, pp. 189200. Newm an,M. , Sime, A. , and Cororan-Perry. .(1991)The Focus of the Discipline of Nursing. Advances in Nursing Science,(1991),14(1)1-6. Nyatanga, L. (2005). Nursing and the philosophy of science. bear Education Today (2005) 25, 670674 Wainwright, S. ( 1997). A new paradigm for nursing the potential of realism. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 1997, 26, 1262-1271 Weaver, K. and Olson, J. (2006).Understanding paradigms used for nursingresearch. Journal of Advanced Nursing 2006 Vol. 53 Issue 4 pages 459469 10 Philosophy course First Assignment Welch,M. and Polifoni,E. (1999) . Perspectives on Philosophy of Science in Nursing. An Historical and Contemporary Anthology. procure 1999. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . Whelton,B. (2002) Human nature as a source of practical truth AristotelianThomistic realism and the practical science of nursing. Nursing Philosophy,2002, 3, pp. 3546 Wikipedia, (2007). Phenomenology. Wikipedia the free encyclopedia. Retrieved October 15, 2007, from http//en. wikipedi a. org/wiki/Phenomenology.

Carol Ann Duffy’s poetry Essay

Delilah by Carol Ann Duffy has an undeniably arouseual element running end-to-end an element which is highlighted by its suggestive actors line and presentation of gender roles between the characters pig and Delilah. umteen of Duffys poems have a similar element running through them such as in Salome, Little Red Riding Cap and Pygmalions Bride thitherfore it can be said that her rime is mainly concerned with the politics of sex. However, Carol Ann Duffy states in an interview in 2005 that Delilah is not somewhat sex but is a love poem exploring the nature of horseshits deficiency to snuff it gentle, benignant and tender. This would therefore suggest that the main concern of the poem is more to do with love, power and gender.There are several wings to sex through out(a) the poem, however the most direct reference comes in the fourth stanza where Samson fucks Delilah. This is in stark contrast to his request in the third stanza unless three lines above of wanting to learn how to care, or be gentle or loving or tender. Despite wanting to become gentle, Samson fucks Delilah kind of than makes love to her, implying that his wish was only a half-hearted one i.e. a wish he only makes but not something he would act upon. He fuck(s her) again further shows this is not the first time Delilah has been fucked suggesting a continual nature of this act. Furthermore, Delilah allows herself to be fucked through Delilahs submission, Duffy could be devising a contestation that women can not break relinquish from this subordinate role in sex.Samsons language is also sexually suggestive, possibly implying that a man can not have his libido driven out of him regardless of the short letter. For example, in the second stanza Samson is boasting about his achievements which demonstrate his strength and fearlessness, however he is distracted by a sexually suggestive note, telling Delilah to put your hand here -. This continues in the third stanza he asks for a cure for his inability to be gentle and in the undermentioned line proceeds to fuck her as though he believes the cure is in fucking her. The situation Samson opening up to Delilah about something personal- would usually be assumed to be free from anything conjuring violence however Samson fucks her anyway suggesting that regardless of the time or place, sex is something which ashes rampant in a mans mind.On the other hand, it could be said that rather than sex, the main concern of the poem is with power scattering in this relationship. Whilst many would argue that Delilah was dominated by Samson in the poem due to the sex, in the end Delilah cut Samsons hair which biblically represented the demise of his strength. Cutting his hair in the poem may be symbolic of her dominating Samson as she has successfully seduced him and at his most vulnerable (during slumber) she has taken out-of-door his strength. This is also in sync with the biblical story in which Delilah disarms Samson and gives him up to the Philistines, in the long run dominating him.Sex is only a way by which Samson is pacified after which he goes to short sleep and becomes soft, thus vulnerable. Furthermore, Delilah cuts Samsons hair with deliberate, passionate hands suggesting she enjoyed disarming him and stealing his power away from him. This is a reversal of the typical gender roles in literature and Delilahs passionate hands may be showing that Delilah enjoyed this.Furthermore, the idea that Delilah had to pacify Samson through sex suggests an element of power on Delilahs side as sex was a method through which she satisfied Samson and put him to sleep, leaving him vulnerable. Duffy may be making a statement through this that women can use their sexuality as a weapon to subvert men and thus overpower them. This interpretation is concerned with both sexual politics and power distribution demonstrating that Duffys poetry is not only concerned with the politics of sex.

Critique of Pure Reason Essay

Immanuel Kant, (born April 22, 1724, Konigsberg, Prussia now Kaliningrad, Russiadied February 12, 1804, Konigsberg), German philosopher whose comprehensive and doctrinal reckon in epistemology (the theory of knowledge), ethics, and aesthetics greatly influenced all subsequent philosophy, especially the various schools of Kantianism and idealism. Kant was integrity of the foremost thinkers of the Enlightenwork forcet and arguably one of the greatest philosophers of all time. In him were subsumed new trends that had begun with the rationalism (stressing reason) of Rene Descartes and the sensualism (stressing experience) of Francis Bacon.He thus inaugurated a new era in the development of philosophical thought. BACKGROUND AND precedent long time Kant lived in the remote province where he was born for his entire life. His father, a saddler, was, according to Kant, a descendant of a Scottish immigrant, although scholars have found no basis for this claim his m other(a), an uneducated German woman, was remarkable for her character and natural intelligence. both(prenominal) parents were devoted followers of the Pietist branch of the Lutheran church, which taught that religion belongs to the knowledgeable life give tongue toed in simpli urban center and obedience to moral law.The influence of their pastor made it come-at-able for Kantthe fourth of nine children just the eldest surviving childto obtain an education. At the age of ogdoad Kant entered the Pietist school that his pastor directed. This was a Latin school, and it was presumably during the eight and a half years he was there that Kant acquired his lifelong love for the Latin classics, especially for the naturalistic poet Lucretius. In 1740 he enrolled in the University of Konigsberg as a theological student. But, although he attended courses in theology and even preached on a a few(prenominal) occasions, he wasprincipally attracted to mathematics and physics. Aided by a young professor who had stu died Christian Wolff, a systematizer of rationalist philosophy, and who was also an enthusiast for the science of Sir Isaac Newton, Kant began reading the work of the English physicist and, in 1744, started his freshman hold in, Gedanken von der wahren Schatzung der lebendigen Krafte (1746 thoughts on the True Estimation of Living Forces), dealing with a problem concerning kinetic forces.Though by that time he had decided to pursue an academic career, the death of his father in 1746 and his misadventure to obtain the post of undertutor in one of the schools attached to the university compelled him to withdraw and seek a means of keep himself.Tutor and Privatdozent He found employment as a family tutor and, during the nine years that he gave to it, worked for trey different families. With them he was introduced to the influential society of the city, acquired social grace, and made his farthest travels from his native citysome 60 miles (96 km) away to the town of Arnsdorf. In 17 55, aided by the kindness of a friend, he was able to complete his degree at the university and take up the position of Privatdozent, or lecturer.Period of the three recapitulations In 1781 the Kritik der reinen Vernunft (spelled Critik in the first edition review article of Pure Reason) was published, followed for the next nine years by great and original works that in a short time brought a revolution in philosophical thought and established the new direction in which it was to go in the years to come. The followup of Pure Reason The Critique of Pure Reason was the result of some 10 years of mentation and meditation. Yet, even so, Kant published the first edition only reluctantly after many postponements although convinced of the right of its doctrine, he was uncertain and doubtful about its exposition.His misgivings proved well founded, and Kant complained that interpreters and critics of the work were badly misunderstanding it. To countersink these wrong interpretations of his thought, he wrote the Prolegomena zu einer jeden kunftigen Metaphysik die als Wissenschaft wird auftreten konnen (1783 Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics That Will be Able to move into Forward as Science) and brought out a second and revised edition of the first Critique in 1787.Controversy silent continues regarding the merits of the two editions readers with a preference for an idealistic interpretation usually prefer the first edition, whereas those with a realistic view adhere to the second. But with regard to difficulty and ease of reading and understanding, it is broadly speaking agreed that there is little to choose between them. Anyone on first opening either book finds it overwhelmingly difficult and impenetrably obscure.The Critique of Practical Reason Because of his insistence on the need for an empirical theatrical role in knowledge and his antipathy to speculative metaphysics, Kant is sometimes presented as a positivist before his time, and his fall upon up on metaphysics was held by many in his own day to bring both religion and morality rase with it. Such, however, was certainly far from Kants intention.Not only did he propose to put metaphysics on the authentic path of science, he was prepared also to say that he inevitably believed in the existence of beau ideal and in a future life. It is also true that his original conception of his vital philosophy pass judgment the preparation of a critique of moral philosophy. The Kritik der praktischen Vernunft (1788, spelled Critik and practischen Critique of Practical Reason), the result of this intention, is the standard sourcebook for his ethical doctrines.The earlier Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten (1785 Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals) is a shorter and, despite its title, more readily comprehensible treatment of the same general topic. Both differ from Die Metaphysik der Sitten (1797 The Metaphysics of Morals) in that they deal with pure ethics and try to elucidate ba sic principles the subsequently work, in contrast, is concerned with applying these principles in the concrete, a process that involved the consideration of virtues and vices and the foundations of law and politics.The Critique of taste The Kritik der Urteilskraft (1790, spelled Critik Critique of Judgment)one of the most original and instructive of all of Kants writingswas non foreseen in his original conception of the critical philosophy. Thus it is perhaps best regarded as a series of appendixes to the other two Critiques. The work falls into two main parts, called respectively Critique of Aesthetic Judgment and Critique of Teleological Judgment. In the first of these, after an introduction in which he discussed logical purposiveness, he examine the notion of aesthetic purposiveness in judgments that ascribe beauty to something.Such a judgment, according to him, unlike a mere expression of taste, lays claim to general validity, yet it cannot be said to be cognitive because it rests on feeling, not on argument. The explanation lies in the fact that, when a person contemplates an object and finds it beautiful, there is a certain harmony between his imagination and his understanding, of which he is aware from the immediate interest that he takes in the object. Imagination grasps the object and yet is not restricted to any definite concept, whereas a person imputes the delight that he feels to others because it springs from the free play of his cognitive faculties, which are the same in all humans.LAST YEARS The critical philosophy was soon being taught in every important German-speaking university, and young men flocked to Konigsberg as a shrine of philosophy. In some cases the Prussian government even undertook the expense of their support. Kant came to be consulted as an oracle on all kinds of questions, including such sketchs as the lawfulness of vaccination. Such homage did not interrupt Kants regular habits. Scarcely five feet tall, with a deformed chest, and suffering from weak health, he maintained throughout his life a severe regimen.It was arranged with such regularity that people doctor their clocks according to his daily walk along the street named for him, The Philosophers Walk. Until old age prevented him, he is said to have missed this regular appearance only on the occasion when Rousseaus Emile so engrossed him that for several days he stayed at home. From 1790 Kants health began to decline seriously. He still had many literary projects but found it impossible to write more than a few hours a day. The writings that he then completed consist partly of an elaboration of subjects not previously do by in any detail, partly of replies to criticisms and to the clarification of misunderstandings.With the publication in 1793 of his work Die Religion innerhalb der Grenzen der blossen Vernunft (Religion within the Limits of Reason Alone), Kant became involved in a dispute with Prussian authorities on the right to express r eligious opinions. The book was found to be altogether too rationalistic for orthodox taste. He was supercharged with misusing his philosophy to the distortion and depreciation of many leading and fundamental doctrines of sacred Scripture and Christianity and was required by the government not to lecture or write anything get along on religious subjects.Kant agreed but privately interpreted the ban as a personal promise to the king, Frederick William II, from which he felt himself to be released on the latters death in 1797. At any rate, he returned to the forbidden subject in his last major essay, Der Streit der Fakultaten (1798 The Conflict of the Faculties). In 1797 Kant published Die Metaphysik der Sitten (The Metaphysics of Morals), comprising Metaphysische Anfangsgrunde der Rechtslehre (The Philosophy of Law) and Metaphysische Anfangsgrunde der Tugendlehre (The Doctrine of Virtue).The originator was the major statement of his political philosophy, which he also discussed in Zum ewigen Frieden (1795 Project for a Perpetual Peace) and in the essay Uber den Gemeinspruch Das mag in der Theorie richtig sein, taugt aber nicht fur die Praxis (1793 On the white-haired Saw That May Be Right In Theory, But It Wont Work in Practice). The large work at which he laboured until his deaththe fragments of which fill the two terminal volumes of the great Berlin edition of his workswas evidently intended to be a major contribution to his critical philosophy.What remains, however, is not so much an unfinished work as a series of notes for a work that was never written. Known as the Opus postumum, its original title was Ubergang von den metaphysische Anfangsgrunde der Naturwissenschaft zur Physik (Transition from the Metaphysical Foundations of earthy Science to Physics). It may have been Kants intention in this work to carry further the argument advanced in the Metaphysische Anfangsgrunde der Naturwissenschaft (1786 Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science) by sho wing that it is possible to construct a priori not merely the general outline of a science of nature but a slap-up many of its details as well.But judging from the extant fragments, however numerous they are, it remains conceivable whether its completion would have constituted a major addition to his philosophy and its reputation. After a moderate decline that was painful to his friends as well as to himself, Kant died in Konigsberg on February 12, 1804. His last words were Es ist gut (It is good).His tomb in the cathedral was inscribed with the words (in German) The starry heavens higher up me and the moral law within me, the two things that he declared in the conclusion of the second Critique fill the mind with ever new and increasing admiration and awe, the oftener and the more steadily we bound on. IMMANUEL KANT Prepared by Cherry B. Ordonez Alliona Gem S. Tolentino N- 201.

Mutagen

Quantification of a Mutagen tobacco plant By Selenia Lopez November 30, 2012 Section 44 Abstract Tobacco is normally used and kills millions until this day. Tobacco is a authorisation mutagen due to all the chemicals added. The come overlay Ames judge was conducted to test at what dousing of baccy was it at the most mutagenic. The possibleness of this test was as the density of baccy plant increases, the reaping of bacterium increases. The chink for this experiment had a UV imperative and a UV ostracise. tetrad different tobacco concentrations, Salmonella Typhimurium of strain 1538 were incubated for 24-72 hours to observe bacterial educateth.At a hundred% bacterial ingathering was at its superlative number of colonization and at 5% the mutagen was at its least. These resolvings reflected that tobacco has the ability to grow without histidine do it a mutagen and at which concentration was it the most mutagenic. Intro A mutagen is a substance which increases the frequency of trans ground levelation in a plant or animal population, which keep headliner to a variety of consequences or alterations in the DNA structure (Ligorio, Izzotti, Pulliero, Arrigo 2011). Salmonella creation a mutagen squirt exploit mutations such as substitution, insertion, extirpation and frame shift depending on the strain.S. typhimurium carries a defective gene devising it unable to synthesize histidine from its civilisation medium. Some types of mutations can be reversed with the gene regaining its function. Tobacco having lots of chemicals with possibility of being mutagenic is known to kill an estimated six million people ecumenic each year and drains $ euchre billion annually. It can be consumed as a pesticide and in the form of nicotine tartrate. It is some quantifys used in some medicines, but most comm entirely if used as a drug. The use of Ames test is found on the assumption that any substance that is mutagenic. For this eason the FDA uses the Am es test to screen many another(prenominal) chemicals to measures the mutagenic strength in bacterial cells (FDA 2012). In this experiment to test whether tobacco is mutagenic and if so at what concentration has the greatest bacterial growth. The spot overlay Ames test was conducted. Though its a cheap version of the Ames test, the result were still compatible. The hypothesis of this experiment was as the concentration of tobacco increases, the growth increases. The greatest growth should draw in the nose candy% concentration and the least in the 5% concentration. Methods and materialsThe learn for the experiment was an Agar surface that had a UV absolute reactant with a known mutagen, and UV negative reactant that hasnt been reactant with anything. With a little pipette that amounted to 250ul, strain TA 1538 of Salmonella was Obtained and placed on to the Agar household and spread with a sterilize rod. The four paper discs that have been soaked in the 5%, 25%, 50%, and 100% of tobacco concentration were placed spaced apart on the plate. The plate was smashed and place it in the incubator at 37 degree for 24-72 hours. Results Table 1 The table shows the concentration of mutagens to the number of colonies observed.Concentrations Colonies 100% 39 50% 13 25% 8 5% 2 The control resulted in the UV positive having growth and the UV negative having none at all. At a 100% bacterial growth was at its greatest number of colonization at 39. At 5% the mutagen was at its least with only 2 colonies. Discussion The mutagenic effect of the chemical has caused many bacteria to regain the ability to grow without histidine in tobacco, causing the formation of the colonies seen around the disc (Pounikar and Dawande 2010). Not only is a tobacco a mutagen, but colony growth increased as the concentration increased.The hypothesis was supported according to the information show in the table. Even though the disc were slightly shifted. The rime were still attainab le. The 100% concentration had the highest bacterial colonization and the 5% concentration had the least as predicted. In future experiments, more trials can be done. In order to make sure the results will watch the same every time or using other mutagens to see how they react in the 100% concentration. This type of experiment can also be useful in finding out whether weed tobacco or mastication tobacco is more mutagenic or if the different brands make a difference on how mutagenic they can be.Works Cited Asiatic Journal of Biotechnology Resources Pounikar, R and Dawande, A. Y. (2010). Detection of potential carcinogens by Ames test. inside 01 57-64. section of Health Sciences Ligorion M, Izzotti A, Pulliero A, and Arrigo P. (2011) Mutagens interfere with microRNA maturation by inhibiting DICER. An in silico biology analysis. Doi 10. 1016 www. FDA. gov Li Y, Yan J, Bishop M, Jones MY, Watanabe F, Biris AS, Rice P, grub T, Chen T. (2011) Genotoxicity evaluation of titanium dioxid e nanoparticles using the Ames test and Comet assay.MutagenQuantification of a Mutagen Tobacco By Selenia Lopez November 30, 2012 Section 44 Abstract Tobacco is commonly used and kills millions until this day. Tobacco is a potential mutagen due to all the chemicals added. The spot overlay Ames test was conducted to test at what concentration of tobacco was it at the most mutagenic. The hypothesis of this experiment was as the concentration of tobacco increases, the growth of bacteria increases. The control for this experiment had a UV positive and a UV negative. Four different tobacco concentrations, Salmonella Typhimurium of strain 1538 were incubated for 24-72 hours to observe bacterial growth.At a 100% bacterial growth was at its greatest number of colonization and at 5% the mutagen was at its least. These results reflected that tobacco has the ability to grow without histidine making it a mutagen and at which concentration was it the most mutagenic. Intro A mutagen is a substanc e which increases the frequency of mutation in a plant or animal population, which can lead to a variety of consequences or alterations in the DNA structure (Ligorio, Izzotti, Pulliero, Arrigo 2011). Salmonella being a mutagen can cause mutations such as substitution, insertion, deletion and frame shift depending on the strain.S. typhimurium carries a defective gene making it unable to synthesize histidine from its culture medium. Some types of mutations can be reversed with the gene regaining its function. Tobacco having lots of chemicals with possibility of being mutagenic is known to kill an estimated six million people worldwide each year and drains $500 billion annually. It can be consumed as a pesticide and in the form of nicotine tartrate. It is sometimes used in some medicines, but most commonly used as a drug. The use of Ames test is based on the assumption that any substance that is mutagenic. For this eason the FDA uses the Ames test to screen many chemicals to measures t he mutagenic strength in bacterial cells (FDA 2012). In this experiment to test whether tobacco is mutagenic and if so at what concentration has the greatest bacterial growth. The spot overlay Ames test was conducted. Though its a cheap version of the Ames test, the result were still compatible. The hypothesis of this experiment was as the concentration of tobacco increases, the growth increases. The greatest growth should occur in the 100% concentration and the least in the 5% concentration. Methods and materialsThe control for the experiment was an Agar plate that had a UV positive reactant with a known mutagen, and UV negative reactant that hasnt been reactant with anything. With a micro pipette that amounted to 250ul, strain TA 1538 of Salmonella was Obtained and placed on to the Agar plate and spread with a sterilized rod. The four paper discs that have been soaked in the 5%, 25%, 50%, and 100% of tobacco concentration were placed spaced apart on the plate. The plate was sealed and place it in the incubator at 37 degree for 24-72 hours. Results Table 1 The table shows the concentration of mutagens to the number of colonies observed.Concentrations Colonies 100% 39 50% 13 25% 8 5% 2 The control resulted in the UV positive having growth and the UV negative having none at all. At a 100% bacterial growth was at its greatest number of colonization at 39. At 5% the mutagen was at its least with only 2 colonies. Discussion The mutagenic effect of the chemical has caused many bacteria to regain the ability to grow without histidine in tobacco, causing the formation of the colonies seen around the disc (Pounikar and Dawande 2010). Not only is a tobacco a mutagen, but colony growth increased as the concentration increased.The hypothesis was supported according to the data show in the table. Even though the disc were slightly shifted. The numbers were still attainable. The 100% concentration had the highest bacterial colonization and the 5% concentration ha d the least as predicted. In future experiments, more trials can be done. In order to make sure the results will remain the same every time or using other mutagens to see how they react in the 100% concentration. This type of experiment can also be useful in finding out whether smoking tobacco or chewing tobacco is more mutagenic or if the different brands make a difference on how mutagenic they can be.Works Cited Asiatic Journal of Biotechnology Resources Pounikar, R and Dawande, A. Y. (2010). Detection of potential carcinogens by Ames test. Doi 01 57-64. Department of Health Sciences Ligorion M, Izzotti A, Pulliero A, and Arrigo P. (2011) Mutagens interfere with microRNA maturation by inhibiting DICER. An in silico biology analysis. Doi 10. 1016 www. FDA. gov Li Y, Yan J, Bishop M, Jones MY, Watanabe F, Biris AS, Rice P, Zhou T, Chen T. (2011) Genotoxicity evaluation of titanium dioxide nanoparticles using the Ames test and Comet assay.

Kodak Major Case Essay

Kodaks main problem was non forevisual perception and adapting to commercialize place changes of price and contestation. Kodak had reign the photo suck in up mart for near of the 1900s until competitors like Fuji began victorious commercialise apportion from Kodak in 1984. Kodak ignored the untriedfound threats until the late 1990s, relying on their market dominance. Problem analysis Kodak offered three crossway reports to tar baffle various market segments as a let on of their Fun m dodge to encounter market grant. Prior to this strategy, Kodak offered only dickens ingathering capers, Ektar, their super insurance premium line, and magnificent gilded, their premium line.They planned to introduce Funtime deal, an delivery mug fill, which targeted the price sensitive consumer. The target market is the average hit user who has little or no culture about motion- vista show, debauchs strictly on price, and is non influenced by advertising the 50% of bu yers that were non pit loyal (40% were necessitate samplers 10% barter ford on price). currency asset is the premium brand charge and is developed to target average consumers who ar already Kodak-loyal or seeking bore photos oer price.The superpremium get hold of, empurpled luckys target market is professionals, serious amateurs and average consumers who afford the premium for professional coterie pictures for very special cause. (See Appendix A) In the 1990s Kodaks main competitors were Fuji of Japan, Agfa of Ger umpteen, 3M, Konica of Japan, and Polaroid as a late competitor. Kodak has many ways to oppose themselves from all of these competitors. As an established photography and film brand, Kodak has dominated 70% of the market percentage in the U. S. where many of their competitors are overbold to the market.Kodak has non offered a underground or economy film line like many otherwise competitors get. In the superpremium tier Fujicolor Reala was targeting mod amateurs and professionals only while Kodak targeted a to a colossaler ex decenniumt broad segment with their competing regal grand line. In the parsimony brand tier, Funtime was launched as an economy brand competing with Fujicolor Super G, Konica Super SR, and ScotchColor. Funtime was the only film in this brand tier to be offered only at off-peak film use times and only packaged in value packs. Kodak dominated the film market all through the 1900s.They never received any major(ip) competition until Fuji began to attack their market part in the 1980s, when they were announced as the official film sponsors of the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, Kodak 3 California. Kodak believed their dominance and node loyalty would continue to carry them as new competitors entered the market and as film prices were undertakening to fall. They underestimated their competition and did not react soon enough. It seemed as if Kodak believed that nation would not buy another film othe r than Kodak. By the late 1980s the film market began to see many competitors and Kodaks market persona began to fall. man still the dominant competitor, their market share fell from 76% in 1989 to 70% in 1994, and similarly the average price of film began to fall. While Kodaks film rolls were in the neighborhood of $3. 50 to $6 per roll, competitors began releasing film under unavowed brands brainting at $2. 19. Shortly after the economy film market began to form, Consumer Reports released a quality foot race of the top 6 films in the market. While Kodak positioned themselves as the superior quality film, Consumer Reports reported that, We found most films to be no better or worse than their competitors of the same speedand testament yield prints of parallel quality. Kodaks precedent, Gold overconfident, even ranked below Fujis economy film. With film market evolving, Discount Merchandiser released a survey in 1991 stating that much than 50% of the picture takers in the US claim to know nothing or little about photography, and as a results they tend to estimate film as a commodity, often acquire on price alone. This led Kodak to a major repositioning of its film harvest-feast line, introducing Funtime film, an economic film line, something Kodak would have never previously considered.Kodak was desperate to recollect some of the market share they had recently befuddled and apply a new strategy to function recapture some of their market share. They introduced the Funtime Strategy. In this strategy, Kodak would offer 3 lines of film (superpremium, premium and economy). The economy line was new for Kodak since they specialized in high-end photography that was parallel with their high quality brand image. Funtime was to be offered at 20% less than Gold Plus (their premium brand) and offered in limited quantities only twice a year at off-peak film use times, 4 months out of the year.Funtime was only sold in valuepacks of two or four rolls of the tw o most frequent speeds, ISO 100 and 200. The major inconsistency with implementing this new strategy was the lack of advertising spent by Kodak they offered no support and a need of intrustment to Funtime. Kodak was excessively cin one caserned with maintaining its high profit margins that they were not leave aloneing to cannibalize their protest market share in the beginning the competition did. Kodak 4 Whereas their focus was to regain some market share with their new Funtime line, they replaced their superpremium line with imperial Gold, broadening their professional target market.They emphasized that olympian Gold could be for very special occasions not just professional photography. Kodak spent 40% of its total film-advertising budget on this line and the other 60% on its Gold Plus. The Funtime strategy was a last chance effort to regain market share and compete with private label brands. It seemed that the economy line was introduced too late to recover the shares th at were lost. By only offering it twice a year Kodak seemed as if they were not fully committed to this line. The inadequacy of advertising sent a deceitful message.It appeared as if they were hiding the line as to not take away from their other quality lines. They emergencyed to keep their high quality image while competing in the low end of the market as intimately. This strategy does not solve their problem of competing with their competitors. The case did not mention any new ways that Kodak tried to differentiate themselves from their competitors or explain to their customers why they view they were superior to them. Kodak offered 3 main lines of film but did not naturalize the customer on the distinction between the lines.They stated their superpremium, premium and economy lines but did not take time to educate the consumers of the divergence between the three lines and how they differentiated from their competition. Since Consumer Reports released a study showing that mo st film rolls in that time performed similarly and printed pictures of compar fit quality. Kodak did not take time to distinguish themselves from this new competition but patently relied on their trusted brand name they had built in the years prior. Before differentiating themselves from their competition they should have reacted immediately to new competition rather than ignore it.Because Kodak was late to react, Fuji was fitted to easily differentiate themselves from Kodak. Kodak should have viewed Fujis sponsoring of the LA Summer Olympics as a threat. They should have immediately started banter strategies on repositioning themselves to avoid the competition absorbing their market. Kodak was not prepared for the market changes that came. The week of January 25, 1994, Kodaks form lost 8% in value. Kodak was used to the large profit margins on film and could not rationalize cannibalizing their own profits by landing costs due to their rigid management in front the whole indus try lowered prices.The reality was that the film industry was slowly declining, volume viewed photography as a commodity and they were just on the cusp of Kodak 5 the digital era. Kodak was reluctant to come to basis with this new reality. Their competition capitalized on the market changes and private film companies began offering lower cost film of comparable quality. Kodak did not look far enough into the next of the market and were slow to react to competition which is why they failed to remain ahead of their competition and minimize any losses. alternative Solutions collectible to Kodaks lost market share, lowered dividing line prices, and declining profit margins, it was evident that the company was headed in a downward spiral. hold up within the industry, due to film beingness a commodity product, was not easy, and the company was in heroic need to revive its own value. To solve its main problem, not foreseeing and adapting to market changes, we propose five alterna ting(a) solutions (1) delve into wholesale market share, (2) better educate customers regarding the products benefits and value, (3) give much(prenominal) time on enquiry and development, (4) halting production of theFuntime product, and (5) both(prenominal) educating customers about the products benefits and values, and spending more time on interrogation and development. substitute(a) Solution 1 Kodak could sell its film in value packs at wholesale stores, such as Costco or Sams Club, in instal to regain the market share within the industry. In doing so, this would be a great way for Kodak to tap into market share that had not yet been touched. Film, at this signalise, had not been sold in larger wholesale packs, and was being sold primarily in small groupings, at general retail facilities.Because of the recent upward trend with consumers buying in bulk, wholesale retailers were gaining more loyal customers on a daily basis. By selling within these types of stores, compa nies were more belike to go after because this was a retail niche that was evolving, and would give particular brands and products more consumer recognition. Kodak could have taken advantage of the unwavering market and loyal customers that a wholesale retail company already has. By confederateing with Costco, for example, Kodak could become its sole(prenominal) film partner.With this type of partnership, Kodak aptitude be able to capitalize on the exclusivity of Costcos film sales. Also, seeing in recent years that Costco has become a very common place for consumers to have their rolls of film developed, and frequently sells film rolls in value packs, it seems to be a one-stop-shop for families who are constantly on-the-go. If Kodak 6 Kodak were to partner successfully with retailers like this, the company would be able to gain further market share and sales, because people would increase their recognition of this particular brand, and could become the go-to brand for most.Wh olesale retailers, like Costco, are extremely popular and well-trusted. By associating its image with these companies, Kodak would have a competitive advantage over others within the industry, and could be associated with Costcos positive identity, thus giving itself a positively-positioned image relative to its competitors. The biggest disadvantage in implementing this solution, however, would be in securing a mutually-beneficial partnership with a wholesale retailer.Most wholesalers would not necessarily be likely to commit to an exclusive partnership to one particular brand (in this case, Kodak), simply because they limit their own product availability, and on that pointof cut into their own sales. Retailers, like Costco and Sams Club, focus on having a wide var. of products from which consumers may choose. If wholesalers were to commit exclusively to Kodak, per se, then they could lose out on potential sales from consumers who commit the competing film product. There is not necessarily an inherent benefit for wholesalers with exclusivity. Alternative Solution 2 away from selling within wholesale retail locations, another way to regain lost market share is to better educate consumers regarding camera film. Film had become a commodity product to most consumers, and there was little customer loyalty to any particular camera film brand. Differentiation between the companies own products, as well as the competitors products, is an important aspect of any business. However, it seems that Kodak lacked a differentiation strategy and had not communicated to consumers how its products were positioned positively, relative to those of its competitors.Consumers knew little or nothing about photography, according to the 1991 survey in Discount Merchandiser. Its lack of educational advertising left customers in the dark, as far as the difference between products available. Because many uneducated customers simply buy based off of price alone, Kodak needs to inform cu stomers why they should pay the premium price, and what benefits come along with paying that premium. No other film companies were educating consumers about value and benefits, so Kodak had an opportunity to capitalize on the lack of knowledge thereof. By educating consumers, theyKodak 7 would become familiar with their film needs, and the films benefits. Simultaneously, they would similarly acquaint consumers with the value of their product, when compared to others. As a result, Kodak would create more brand loyalty. Moreover, in the case study, we are told that Kodak offered three types of films Gold Plus, Royal Gold, and Funtime. To the average consumer, Gold Plus and Royal Gold are far too similar in name, and give off the impression that they are of the same quality. Customers were becoming confused due to the similarity between these two names.By educating the consumers about its products, consumers would begin to understand the value of Kodaks film relative to competitors, a nd the inherent differences between its products. However, if this solution were implemented, the likelihood of make a large impact on its own market share would be minimal if implemented by itself. By itself, it would not help repair Kodaks decline in sales, stock prices, and market share (because of its inability to adapt to market trends). Let aside, this would not address the problem of having been unadaptive, at its core.Educating consumers would likely only work best when paired with another alternative solution. Alternative Solution 3 It was ten years before Kodak responded to the Fujis sponsorship of the Olympic Games. Clearly, Kodak should have had a rapid response to this threat. Due to their lack of capitalization and overconfident mindset, Kodak lost a vast amount of their market. Kodak should have recognized that engineering science would advance sooner rather than later. preferably of only focusing on repositioning their film, they should have also tried to advance the technology of their cameras.The key to a successful business is focusing on the comprise product, while spending time on researching and developing the future product. Kodak executives should have asked themselves, What can we do to get ahead in the market? Seeing that the main problem with Kodak was its inability to anticipate and adapt to future market trends and developments, it should spend more time, efforts, and money on proper product development. This late response resulted in a rapid loss of market share. Had Kodak responded to this with more immediacy, its market share would not have dropped so significantly.To prevent market loss in the future, Kodak should invest more time and money on justly developing cash overawe products. Prior to the development of Funtime, the products Kodak 8 within Kodaks camera film portfolio were considered cash cows. Due to negative market rumors, the company intended on creating another cash cow, as to maintain its market share. Howev er, had the company spent more time on researching the camera film industry, it might have noticed that developing another cash cow product was not intelligent.Market research is extremely important in clear-sighted what next steps a company should take, and how to create a strategic business plan. Rather than Kodaks executives asking themselves What can we do to sustain our market share? they should have asked themselves What can we do to get ahead in the market? Kodaks strategy was to win its existing products as stars, and develop a new product (Funtime) as a cash cow. Accordingly, the star products (Gold Plus and Royal Gold) would be funded and, ultimately, further promoted.In asking the wrong questions, Kodak forged its own decease Funtime became a question mark product, liquidating revenues made by the existing cash cows. By spending more time on analyzing current trends and advancing technologies, Kodak could develop products that would help it recover lost market share a nd become a dominating force within the industry. The biggest disadvantage in implementing this, however, would be the risk of product failure. Kodaks executives would need to make informed decisions regarding whether such developmental risks are worth product failure. Alternative Solution 4As mentioned in the case study, Funtime film would be offered only twice a year at offpeak film use times. Kodak confused its customers in regards to the value of its product. In the fondnessball of the consumers, offering a different product only at certain times of the year, with a lower price, brought down the value associated with Kodak film. The case mentions that Kodaks stock had lost 8% in value on rumors of a price cut on film. If rumors of a price cut brought down its stock prices, then adding a lower quality product, like Funtime, would also bring down company stock prices.In analyzing Kodaks products with a BCG Matrix (see Appendix B), Funtime could be viewed as a question mark, wher eas distributively of its other products were cash cows. The market share for lower quality film was not growing and did not generate much cash. Often times, dog products should be divested. Kodak should have quickly determined whether the Funtime Film Kodak 9 would develop into a cash cow or dog. Because Kodak was only selling this product during the off seasons, Funtime could never become a cash cow.While developing Funtime would have been a great solution presumption normal circumstances, developing a new lower quality product amidst negative market rumors was a risky move. Other companies, such as Fuji and Polaroid, had dog products, and were fighting to become cash cow products. To retain the market share it already has, and since the Funtime product is already developed, though, Kodak should phase out its production. This would turn the product into a dog, and over time, would be fully liquidated. Some foreseeable cons with this solution would be the costs incurred from ret entivity inventory and phasing out a product.This would further cut into company revenues, making it more difficult to go across from a decline in stock price. Alternative Solution 5 We believe that a compounding of Alternative Solutions 2 and 3 would be an effective solution for Kodak. Education provide explain the products values and benefits, while simultaneously maintaining its exceptional brand image. By educating customers and anticipating future market trends, not only is Kodak able to retain its loyal customers, but positively position themselves in the minds of non-Kodak-loyal film consumers, as well.This, however, only speaks to part of its main problem. Accordingly, this education needs to be aided by proper market analysis, so that Kodak is able to foresee market trends, and is able to react accordingly. The company must focus equally on both the present and the future. By using this two-pronged approach, between education and proper R&D, the company is able to educat e consumers within the market for film, and additionally, determine how to stay ahead of the competition. Proposed Solution In direct reference to Kodaks main problem (not foreseeing and adapting tomarket changes), we highly suggest that Kodak choose Alternative Solution 5 spend more time educating customers and communicating the value of Kodaks products, as well as investing more efforts in proper product development, aided by effective market analysis. By educating customers, Kodak is able to both lock-in the loyalty of current customers, sustain its competitive advantage, and find additional ways to attract more new customers. Moreover, investing its time Kodak 10 and money on proper product development and analysis leave allow Kodak to grow within the developing market.As a result, Kodak would be able to develop a star product, while maintaining several cash cows. Implementation Product In regards to the product spiritedness cycle, Kodaks current product Gold Plus, exists in t he maturity stage and their primary objective at this point is to defend and regain market share. To do this, Kodak needs to redevelop an existing line that allow for good luck charm to a broader audience of photographers. We are going to introduce Royal Gold to replace the current film, Ektar, in the high-end segment.At the same time we are going to propose to keep our premium product, Gold Plus, where its currently at in the middle segment and over the course of a year, as we want to phase it into the low-end of the middle segment, and make the price competitive with economy brands. This is partly because most consumers do not buy as much from the middle segment. Therefore, we want to enter a more profitable market segment. By phasing Gold Plus into the lower end, we can compete in both the high and low-end market.However, we cannot go about this by simply dropping the price of Gold Plus immediately. Mainly because doing so, in the eye on the customer, will cause confusion and potentially reduce brand equity. Instead, we will drop prices once or twice a month over the course of a year. This way, both products will be positioned better, in that we will be competitive in both areas. Royal Gold will be targeted to a broader customer base. It will be targeted to professionals and serious amateurs, as well as any photographer seeking film for special occasions, as referenced in the case study.Royal Gold will produce a sharper image and overall a better quality photo, thus attracting customers who choose to have options in what they do with their photos. Those wishing to potentially enlarge the photo will have a finished product that is so crisp they will have the peace of mind in knowing it will not jeopardize the integrity of the picture. Royal Gold will be available for procure in a variety of forms. In order for Kodak to be profitable with this new product it will need to be sold in individual packages, as well as packs of three and/or six in order to giv e customers a variety in selection.Kodak 11 Place Royal Gold and Gold Plus will be sold in places where other Kodak products are currently being sold. There are several retail outlets that carry Kodak products so purchasing the new line will not be difficult or hard to find. The distribution will be allocated in amounts that will maximize profitability and will be attractive to customers who are selective in where they buy film. Our main distribution for Royal Gold and Gold Plus will be to discount and subdivision stores, about 34% the eased decline in pricing will not be as noticeable in such a store.Next will be to drug stores who typically do not offer as many discounts unless a customer is part of their rewards program, about 25% will be distributed to such. Camera shops will get about 15% of the distribution, as this will attract the customer base that Gold Plus targets, those photographers seeking a more professional picture. It is in the privately have shops that single rol ls of film will be purchased more frequently. The other 26% will be allocated to supermarkets and wholesale clubs. We predict profits will be maximized greatly coming from these establishments, especially in sales of the three/six value packs.It would be wise of Kodak to track the profits where the film is distributed within the first hardly a(prenominal) months after repricing Gold Plus, gauge consumer demand and produce and distribute enough film in order to satisfy the market. Price While trying to implement an economy brand, Kodak failed when releasing Funtime film. The consumer was not educated in the differentiation between the superpremium Royal Gold, premium Gold Plus, and economy Funtime. Although the market was searching for a product from Kodak that would be introduced in the economy brand, Funtime was unsuccessful.By taking Funtime off the shelves, the economy portion of the Kodak market is unavailable. Gold Plus is Kodaks current lowest brand of film, but still offers higher quality over competing economy brands. Due to the stages in the product life cycle, Gold Plus price will course fall down. Gold Plus has already experienced its peak times of sales during the introduction and harvest-home stages. instanter that Gold Plus has been on the market for a while, it is now in the maturity stage of its life cycle, as sales have begun to stabilize. In order for a product to still succeed in the Kodak 12maturity stage, the product must stand out among competitors. Implementing a gradual price decrease will slowly lower Gold Plus into the economy level tier without adding an entire new Kodak line. Eventually, a 15% price cut would give Gold Plus a price of $2. 96, $. 05 more than the Fujicolor Super G and Konice Super SR economy brands. Still allowing Kodak to have a distinguished brand image over competitors in the economy brand, this would place Gold Plus as a premium brand competing with competitors of the economy level. Sending coupons to custome rs is another way to help Kodak gain choke market share in the decreasing market.Coupons create brand recognition and make customers feel like they, personally, are receiving a great deal. Because perception is reality, it is important for Kodak to position its brand as a product of high value. Instead of drastically slashing prices, Kodaks gradual price decrease, along with coupons, will help gain back the market. Making coupons available to customers helps Kodak keep their value. On the other hand, Royal Gold is still in the growth stage due to the replacement of Kodaks previous superpremium film, Ektar.When Kodak implements Royal Gold into the market, replacing Ektar, Royal Golds price is 20% lower than the previously existing Ektar, at $4. 19. In the superpremium market, Fujicolor Reala is selling at $4. 69, a $. 42 increase over Kodak Ektar. By gradually decreasing the price of Royal Gold, overtime, it will eventually take the place of Gold Plus previous position. In 1993, the premium brand, Gold Plus sold at $3. 49, competing at the same price as Agfacolor XRG. Gold Plus price was standard of the industry. Gold Plus no longer has the power of setting the price due to the lack of market share and position in the product life cycle.Instead of allowing Gold Plus to solely diminish from the market, diffusing it into the economy tier will still give Gold Plus a competitive edge. Promotion In order to regain market share, it is important for Kodak to advertise the benefits of Royal Gold and Gold Plus film. A simple picture can prove quality of film aboard educating through commercials, Kodak will ensure the consumer knows exactly what to look for in film. Mailing out coupons is another great form of advertising. Promotion will help Kodak educate, along with create brand recognition. In turn, customers will purchase Kodak film and avoid post-purchase dissonance.By launching an advertising campaign and Kodak 13 emphasizing the long-term quality of Kodak, as w ell as educating the customer on distinctions between from each one product, consumers will be attracted to the film best suited for their needs. Kodak can gain a larger market share by informing the customer what they are gaining from purchasing Kodak film before even entering the store. This campaign, done through commercials, emphasizes the benefits of buying each Kodak product. As Royal Gold is new to the market, more advertising must be cogitate to educate consumers about the product.Devote 60% of the advertising budget to Royal Gold and 40% to Gold Plus, allowing Royal Gold more resources to takeoff as a new product. Pinpointing the idea that the average picture taker can take a picture like a professional, without being targeted to professionals. A commercial representing Royal Gold as well as Gold Plus is necessary to show the perk of each product. The innovation of Royal Gold coming from Ektar, which was originally targeted to professionals, adds confusion to the average photographer, assuming the consumer must be a professional to purchase the product.By making it clear to the market that Royal Gold is targeted to the consumer wishing to capture the special moments, the average consumer will be more drawn to the product. Gold Plus advertisement will focus on the value of everyday quality film. Whenever you take a picture, Gold Plus is there for you, always adept in any situation. In a Kodak commercial, Royal Gold is the film used to capture the special first moments of a baby being born. Gold Plus is the dependable film for irresistible times thereafter when the baby is constantly photographed.As a result of consumers being uneducated in the film market, the general hesitation of purchasing film will come from being unaware of the benefits each film provides. Educating consumers, promoting benefits of Kodak and showing the attributes important in the Gold Plus as well as the Royal Gold film will lead consumers to the correct product. With the co rrect promotional strategy, the education will be suited for the target market, resulting in a satisfied consumer.